# A Case Report of Neuroleukemiosis Detected on FDG PET Scan in a Patient of Mixed Phenotype Acute Leukemia Post Bone Marrow Transplantation in Remission

## TL;DR

This paper reports a rare case of neuroleukemiosis detected via PET scan in a leukemia patient during remission after a bone marrow transplant.

## Contribution

The case highlights the use of FDG PET imaging for diagnosing neuroleukemiosis in a unique clinical context.

## Key findings

- Neuroleukemiosis was diagnosed in a patient with mixed phenotype acute leukemia during remission.
- FDG PET imaging revealed inflamed thickened nerves consistent with neuroleukemiosis.
- Histopathology and immunophenotyping confirmed the diagnosis.

## Abstract

Neuroleukemiosis, an exceedingly rare manifestation of leukemia, is defined as peripheral nerve infiltration by leukemic cells. The typical clinical presentation is with peripheral neuropathy and/or chloromatous masses. The diagnosis of this condition is quite challenging, as symptoms usually appear in patients during remission and there are no other signs of relapse. The diagnosis is supported with electrophysiologic testing and imaging and finally established with histopathology and immunophenotyping. We present a case of multineuritis in a patient with mixed phenotype acute leukemia during remission post allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant, where inflamed thickened nerves were detected on positron emission tomography/computed tomography imaging with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose. A diagnosis of neuroleukemiosis was established via biopsy and immunophenotyping. The literature is reviewed regarding this interesting and rare clinical condition.