Staphylococcal toxin PVL ruptures model membranes under acidic conditions through interactions with cardiolipin and phosphatidic acid

TL;DR

This study shows how the Staphylococcus aureus toxin PVL kills immune cells by targeting acidic organelle membranes, not the cell surface.

Contribution

The study reveals that PVL interacts with acidic lipids in lysosomes and mitochondria under acidic conditions, enabling pore formation and bacterial escape.

Findings

PVL binds phosphatidic acid and cardiolipin under acidic conditions, targeting lysosomal and mitochondrial membranes.

PVL can rupture model membranes without receptor interaction, as shown by neutron reflectometry.

Blocking acidification or removing PVL prevents S. aureus escape from macrophages.

Abstract

Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) is a pore-forming toxin secreted by Staphylococcus aureus strains that cause severe infections. Bicomponent PVL kills phagocytes depending on cell surface receptors, such as complement 5a receptor 1 (C5aR1). How the PVL-receptor interaction enables assembly of the leukocidin complex, targeting of membranes, and insertion of a pore channel remains incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrate that PVL binds the anionic phospholipids, phosphatidic acid, and cardiolipin, under acidic conditions and targets lipid bilayers that mimic lysosomal and mitochondrial membranes, but not the plasma membrane. The PVL–lipid interaction was sufficient to enable leukocidin complex formation as determined by neutron reflectometry and the rupture of model membranes, independent of protein receptors. In phagocytes, PVL and its C5aR1 receptor were internalized depending on sphingomyelin and cholesterol, which were dispensable for the interaction of the toxin with the plasma membrane. Internalized PVL compromised the integrity of lysosomes and mitochondria before plasma membrane rupture. Preventing the acidification of organelles or the genetic loss of PVL impaired the escape of intracellular S. aureus from macrophages. Together, the findings advance our understanding of how an S. aureus toxin kills host cells and provide key insights into how leukocidins target membranes.

Staphylococcus aureus secretes toxins, such as Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL), to kill immune cells, including macrophages. This study shows that PVL binds phosphatidic acid and cardiolipin in acidic conditions, targeting lysosomal and mitochondrial membranes (but not the plasma membrane) to promote bacterial escape.

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