# Antimicrobial use in pig herds in Ireland: analysis of a national database (2019–2023)

## TL;DR

This study analyzed antimicrobial use in Irish pig herds from 2019 to 2023, finding significant changes in usage patterns and a decline in high-priority antibiotics.

## Contribution

The study provides the first national analysis of antimicrobial use in Irish pig farming using a newly established database.

## Key findings

- Antimicrobial use decreased significantly from mid-2020 to mid-2022, followed by an increase from mid-2022.
- Use of high priority critically important antimicrobials declined by an average of 9% per quarter.
- There was a significant decline in the use of oral premixes, likely due to policy changes.

## Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in human and animal pathogens remains a global One-Health threat. The associations between antimicrobial use (AMU) and the evolution and dissemination of AMR bacteria, and their resistance genes, highlight the importance of monitoring and regulating AMU. Here, we present an analysis of national monitoring data of AMU in pig facilities in Ireland from 2019 to 2023 via the recently established National AMU Database. AMU was measured using two metrics (mg per corrected population units (mg/PCU) and defined daily dose (DDDvet/PCU)). Temporal trend models were fit using regression models with population average effects given there were multiple observations per herd, while controlling for herd type and size.

Linear spline models revealed no significant change in overall usage from Q1-2019 until mid-2020, followed by a significant decrease in usage until mid-2022. There was evidence of increases in usage from mid-2022 until the end of the time series; the exact timing of the changes in trends varied by the AMU metric. A multinomial logit regression model suggested that there was a significantly decreased probability of premix use relative to oral administration from Q3-2021 through Q4-2023 (OR: 0.70 − 0.58; P < 0.03). The predicted probability that a high priority critically important antimicrobial (HPCIA) was used in a herd during a year-quarter declined by an average of 9% per quarter (OR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.90–0.92; p < 0.001) over the study period. The mean decline in use of cephalosporin (3rd /4th generation), fluoroquinolone and macrolide (a former HPCIA) per quarter were estimated to be -12% (95% CI: -8– -15%), -9% (95% CI: -8– -10%) and − 4% (95% CI: -2– -4%), respectively.

This exploration of AMU in pigs in Ireland revealed significant changes in overall usage, with both decreases and increases. There were declines in usage of HPCIA agents. Additionally, there was evidence of a significant decline in the use of oral premixes, coinciding with policy change. Further monitoring of AMU is essential to understand how the pig farming sector is responding to policy changes (e.g., increasing AMU in response to zinc oxide bans).

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40813-025-00438-5.