# Clerkship Students’ Use of Clinical Reasoning Concepts After a Pre-clinical Reasoning Course

## TL;DR

This study explores how medical students use clinical reasoning concepts learned in pre-clinical courses during their clerkships and what factors help or hinder this use.

## Contribution

The study introduces a contextual model of how clinical reasoning concepts are applied in clerkships, influenced by personal, social, and environmental factors.

## Key findings

- Students applied pre-clinical concepts like problem representation and differential diagnosis during clerkships.
- Supervising physicians and clerkship settings reinforced the use of clinical reasoning concepts.
- Time constraints and unfamiliar supervisors hindered the use of these concepts.

## Abstract

Many medical schools have incorporated clinical reasoning (CR) courses into their pre-clinical curricula to address the quality and safety issue of diagnostic error. It is unknown how students use concepts and practices from pre-clinical CR courses once in clerkships.

We sought to understand how students utilize CR concepts from a pre-clinical course during clerkships and to identify facilitators and barriers to the use of reasoning concepts.

We used structured interviews to gain insight into medical students’ experiences with CR concepts in clerkships.

We interviewed 16 students who had completed a pre-clinical CR course and subsequently completed a neurology, internal medicine, or pediatrics clerkship.

We used constructivist grounded theory to perform a qualitative analysis and to develop a theoretical model to describe findings.

Insights fell into three main areas: (1) CR concept carryover, representing concepts taught in the CR course, such as problem representation, illness scripts, schema, and prioritized differential diagnosis, which were utilized in clerkships; (2) CR concept reinforcers, which included the clerkship setting and supervising physicians who emphasized and provided feedback on CR; and (3) CR concept diminishers, which included time constraints and supervisors who were unfamiliar with or did not reinforce CR concepts.

Concepts taught in a pre-clinical CR course influenced how students prepared for and navigated clinical encounters. Contextual factors both enhanced and inhibited the utilization of CR concepts. Our findings align with social learning theories including social cognitive theory and ecological psychology. This contextual view—taking into account interactions between personal, social, and environmental factors—can help educators integrate CR education from the classroom to the clinical setting.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11606-024-09279-4.