COVID-19 Perceptions Among Communities Living on Ground Crossings of Somali Region of Ethiopia: Community Cross-Sectional Survey Study

TL;DR

This study explores how communities near border crossings in Ethiopia perceive and respond to the spread of COVID-19, highlighting misconceptions and low adherence to health measures.

Contribution

The study provides insights into the unique challenges of enforcing public health measures in border regions with limited governance.

Findings

High rates of nonadherence to social distancing and misconceptions about the virus were observed.

Factors like employment, income, and information sources significantly influenced perceptions and behaviors.

Only a minority followed precautions or were vaccinated, indicating a need for targeted community engagement.

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected the movement of people across borders in Eastern and Southern Africa. The implementation of border closures and restrictive measures has disrupted the region’s economic and social dynamics. In areas where national authorities lack full control over official and unofficial land crossings, enforcing public health protocols to mitigate health risks may prove challenging.

This study aimed to assess perceived factors that influence the spread and control of COVID-19 among Somali communities living on and near ground crossings in Tog Wajaale, Somali region, Ethiopia.

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted using a multistage sampling technique. Beliefs and perceptions of the virus’s spread and control were partially adapted from the World Health Organization (WHO) resources, exploring four main perception themes: (1) perceived facilitators for the spread of the virus, (2) perceived inhibitors, (3) risk labeling, and (4) sociodemographic variables. A sample size of 634 was determined using the single proportion formula. Standardized mean scores (0‐100) and SDs categorized perception themes, with mean differences by sociodemographic variables analyzed using ANOVA and t tests. Statistical significance was established with a 95% CI and a P value below .05. The data were analyzed using STATA version 14.1.

Factors influencing COVID-19 spread and control include behavioral nonadherence and enabling environments. A total of 81.9% (439/536) did not comply with social distancing, and 92.2% (493/536) faced constraints preventing them from staying home and enabling environments. Misconceptions were prevalent, including beliefs about hot weather (358/536, 66.8%), traditional medicine (36/536, 6.7%), and religiosity (425/536, 79.3%). False assurances also contributed, such as feeling safe due to geographic distance from hot spots (76/536, 14.2%) and perceiving the virus as low-risk or exaggerated (162/536, 30.2%). Only 25.2% (135/536) followed standard precautions and 29.9% (160/536) were vaccinated. Employment, region, income, sex, education, and information sources significantly influenced behavioral nonadherence, myth prevalence, and false assurances.

The findings highlight the need for substantial risk communication and community engagement. Only 46.6% (250/536) of individuals adhered to precautionary measures, there was a high perception of nonadherence, and essential COVID-19 resources were lacking. Additionally, numerous misconceptions and false reassurances were noted. Understanding cross-border community behavior is crucial for developing effective, contextually appropriate strategies to mitigate COVID-19 risk in these regions.