Clinical outcome of ≥2% circulating tumor cells in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: insights from a multicenter study

TL;DR

This study identifies a high-risk multiple myeloma subgroup with ≥2% circulating tumor cells, showing poor prognosis and potential treatment benefits from daratumumab-based therapies.

Contribution

The study provides real-world clinical insights into the prognosis and treatment response of multiple myeloma patients with ≥2% circulating tumor cells.

Findings

Patients with ≥2% CTCs have outcomes similar to primary plasma cell leukemia.

Daratumumab-based quadruplet therapy improves survival in ≥2% CTC patients.

Complete remission after induction treatment does not improve prognosis for ≥2% CTC patients.

Abstract

Previous studies have shown that ≥2% circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in multiple myeloma are associated with a prognosis similar to primary plasma cell leukemia. This study aims to examine this ultra-high-risk patient subset and evaluate their clinical outcomes in a real-world clinical setting.

We included 1,056 newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients treated with novel agents. CTCs levels were determined via morphological assessment on peripheral blood smears, using a 2% cutoff to stratify patients into <2% and ≥2% CTCs groups. We then evaluated clinical outcomes across these groups.

Patients with ≥2% CTCs constitute an ultra-high-risk subgroup, with outcomes resembling those of primary plasma cell leukemia. Survival outcomes improved for patients receiving daratumumab-based quadruplet therapy. Single autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) partially improved outcomes for patients with ≥2% CTCs. Achieving complete remission (CR) after induction treatment did not confer a better prognosis for this population. Furthermore, one high-risk cytogenetic abnormality (HRA) worsened outcomes in the <2% CTC group, while ≥2 HRA were associated with poorer outcomes in the ≥2% CTC group. Concurrent 1q21+ and other HRA further conferred a worse prognosis. In de novo extramedullary extraosseous (EME) multiple myeloma, defined as patients presenting with soft tissue or visceral plasmacytomas not connected to bone at initial diagnosis, ≥2% CTCs remained a strong predictor of poor prognosis.

Our study suggests that patients with ≥2% CTCs represent a distinct ultra-high-risk subgroup in multiple myeloma and warrant separate consideration. VRD, IRD, DVRD, and DRD were reliable choices as frontline therapies for patients with <2% CTCs. Daratumumab-based quadruplet therapy may be a promising option for patients with ≥2% CTCs. Further research should continue to explore this specific aspect in greater depth.

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