# Global trends and disparities in the burden of heart failure caused by chronic kidney disease: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021

## TL;DR

This study examines how chronic kidney disease contributes to heart failure globally, finding rising trends and significant disparities by region, gender, and age.

## Contribution

The study provides a comprehensive analysis of the global burden of heart failure caused by chronic kidney disease using the latest GBD 2021 data.

## Key findings

- In 2021, 1,936.9 thousand cases of heart failure were caused by chronic kidney disease globally.
- The global burden of heart failure caused by chronic kidney disease has increased continuously from 1990 to 2021.
- Higher burdens were observed among males, older individuals, and regions with lower sociodemographic index or less advanced health systems.

## Abstract

Heart failure (HF) is a major public health concern, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) plays a significant role in its pathogenesis. Understanding the trends and disparities in the burden of HF caused by CKD can provide valuable insights into health policymaking.

This study was a secondary analysis based on previously published data. We obtained global, regional, national, and age- and sex-specific data on the prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) of HF caused by CKD from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 (GBD 2021) and performed a secondary comparative analysis by age, sex, time, location, sociodemographic index (SDI), and health system level.

In 2021, there were 1,936.9 (95%UI: 1,600.2–2,343.5) thousand cases of HF caused by CKD globally, with an age-standardized rate of YLDs of 3.1 (95%UI: 1.9–4.4) per 100,000 population. The global burden of HF caused by CKD has continuously increased from 1990 to 2021 and is expected to keep growing through 2045 according to predictions. Significant disparities were found across different locations, genders, and ages. Higher burdens were noted among males, older individuals, and regions with lower SDI or less advanced health systems.

The burden of HF caused by CKD has increased significantly since 1990 and varies widely across regions. More significant efforts are needed in the prevention and treatment of CKD and HF, especially among older individuals and males in regions with lower SDI or less advanced health systems.