# Depersonalisation-derealisation as a transdiagnostic treatment target: a scoping review of the evidence in anxiety, depression, and psychosis

## TL;DR

This review explores depersonalisation and derealisation as a potential treatment target across anxiety, depression, and psychosis, finding strong support for its role in psychosis and some in anxiety.

## Contribution

The paper provides a scoping review of DPDR as a transdiagnostic treatment target, highlighting its potential and gaps in current evidence.

## Key findings

- DPDR is a viable treatment target in psychosis with shared cognitive processes in anxiety.
- Evidence for DPDR as a treatment target in depression is sparse and inconclusive.
- No established interventions for transdiagnostic DPDR were identified, but treatment development options exist.

## Abstract

Depersonalisation and derealisation (DPDR) describe dissociative experiences involving distressing feelings of disconnection from oneself or one’s surroundings. Such experiences are common transdiagnostically across the range of mental health presentations, with evidence to suggest they may even play an active role in the development and maintenance of other mental health concerns. If substantiated, DPDR could present a plausible novel transdiagnostic treatment target. The objective of this scoping review was to therefore to synthesise the evidence-base regarding DPDR as a transdiagnostic target for the treatment of anxiety, depression, and psychosis, in order to evaluate this proposal for each.

Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, APA PsychInfo, Scopus, and PubMed were searched for empirical published research and “grey” literature addressing transdiagnostic DPDR and primary anxiety, depression, or psychotic disorders (time range: 1993 to 12th October 2023). Extracted data were summarised and provided to the Lived Experience Advisory Panel for interpretation and analysis.

We screened 3,740 records, resulting in 42 studies addressing DPDR in the context of psychosis, 28 in anxiety, and 24 in depression. The results indicate that transdiagnostic DPDR is highly likely to be a viable treatment target in psychosis, and that it may share common cognitive processes with anxiety disorders. Evidence for the feasibility of DPDR as a treatment target in depression was sparse, and thus inconclusive.

Whilst no established interventions targeting transdiagnostic DPDR were identified by this review, its findings highlight many viable options for treatment development. Given the difficulty drawing clinically meaningful conclusions from the current evidence-base, we strongly recommend that this work actively involves people with lived experience of DPDR.

https://osf.io/ufbkn/.