# Synteny Enabled Upgrade of the Galapagos Giant Tortoise Genome Improves Inferences of Runs of Homozygosity

## TL;DR

Scientists improved the genome of a Galapagos giant tortoise using a related species' genome, leading to better inbreeding estimates.

## Contribution

A synteny-based genome upgrade for the Galapagos giant tortoise enhances ROH inference without new sequencing.

## Key findings

- The upgraded genome (CheloAbing_2.0) has an N50 two orders of magnitude longer than the previous assembly.
- Inbreeding estimates like FROH, NROH, and SROH differ significantly when using the improved genome.
- Synteny-based scaffolding is effective for generating contiguous genomes in species with limited high-quality DNA.

## Abstract

The utility and importance of whole‐genome sequences are recognized across various fields, including evolution and conservation. However, for some taxa, like extinct species, using methods to generate contiguous genomes that rely on high‐quality DNA is impossible. In such cases, an alternative may be to employ synteny‐based methods using a genome from a closely related taxon to generate more complete genomes. Here we update the reference genome for the Pinta Island Galapagos giant tortoise (
Chelonoidis abingdonii
) without conducting additional sequencing through rescaffolding against the most closely related chromosome‐level genome assembly, the Aldabra giant tortoise (
Aldabrachelys gigantea
). This effort resulted in a much more contiguous genome, CheloAbing_2.0, with an N50 that is two orders of magnitude longer and large reductions in L50 and the number of gaps. We then examined the impact of the CheloAbing_2.0 genome on estimates of runs of homozygosity (ROH) using genome resequencing data from 37 individual Galapagos giant tortoises from the 13 extant lineages to test the mechanisms by which a fragmented assembly may over‐ or underestimate the number and extent of ROH. The use of CheloAbing_2.0 resulted in individual estimates of inbreeding, including ROH proportion (FROH), number (NROH), and cumulative length (SROH), that were statistically different from those derived from the earlier genome assembly. This improved genome will serve as a resource for future efforts focusing on the ecology, evolution, and conservation of this species group. More broadly, our results highlight that synteny‐based scaffolding is promising for generating contiguous genomes without needing additional data types.

Here we update the reference genome for the Pinta Island Galapagos giant tortoise (
Chelonoidis abingdonii
) through rescaffolding against the most closely related chromosome‐level genome assembly, the Aldabra giant tortoise (
Aldabrachelys gigantea
). This effort resulted in a much more contiguous genome, CheloAbing_2.0, with an N50 that is two orders of magnitude longer, which allowed us to test the mechanisms by which a fragmented assembly may over‐ or underestimate the number and extent of ROH. Analysis of resequencing data of 13 individuals resulted in individual estimates of inbreeding, including ROH proportion (FROH), number (NROH), and cumulative length (SROH), that were statistically different from those derived from the earlier genome assembly.