# Outage Performance of SWIPT-D2D-Based Hybrid Satellite–Terrestrial Networks

## TL;DR

This paper studies how well a system that uses wireless energy transfer and device-to-device communication works in a network combining satellites and ground stations.

## Contribution

The paper introduces new closed-form expressions for outage probability in hybrid satellite-terrestrial networks using SWIPT and D2D communication.

## Key findings

- Closed-form outage probability expressions are derived for both the user terminal and the IoT device.
- Theoretical results are validated using Monte Carlo simulations.
- The study considers shadowed Rician and Nakagami-m fading for different network links.

## Abstract

This paper investigates the outage performance of simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT)-assisted device-to-device (D2D)-based hybrid satellite–terrestrial networks (HSTNs). In the considered system, an energy-constrained terrestrial user terminal (UT) harvests energy from the radio frequency (RF) signal of a terrestrial amplify-and-forward (AF) relay and utilizes the harvested energy to cooperate with the shadowed terrestrial Internet of Things (IoT) devices in a D2D communication. Both power splitting (PS)-based and time switching (TS)-based SWIPT-D2D schemes are adopted by the energy-constrained UT to obtain sustainable energy for transmitting information to the shadowed IoT device. Considering shadowed Rician fading for satellite–terrestrial links and Nakagami-m fading for terrestrial links, we analyze the system performance by deriving the closed-form expressions for the outage probability (OP) of both the UT and the IoT device. Our theoretical analyses are validated via Monte Carlo simulations.