# The Antiviral Effect of Ephedrine Alkaloids-Free Ephedra Herb Extract, EFE, on Murine Coronavirus Growth in the Lung and Liver of Infected Mice

## TL;DR

A version of Ephedra Herb without ephedrine alkaloids reduces coronavirus replication in the lungs and livers of infected mice.

## Contribution

EFE shows in vivo antiviral activity against murine coronavirus without the alkaloids linked to adverse effects.

## Key findings

- EFE significantly reduced MHV titers in the lungs and livers of infected mice.
- EFE-treated mice showed a trend toward lower respiratory irregularity scores.
- EFE inhibits MHV replication in a mouse model of human coronavirus infection.

## Abstract

Ephedrine alkaloids-free Ephedra Herb extract (EFE) was developed to reduce the adverse effects of Ephedra Herb, a constituent drug in Kampo medicines. It is produced by decocting Ephedra Herb with hot water and excluding the ephedrine alkaloids. EFE has analgesic and anti-cancer effects and inhibits respiratory viruses in vitro. To assess the pharmacological action of EFE in vivo, we evaluated its effect on the replication of murine hepatitis virus (MHV), a coronavirus that causes hepatitis, pneumonia, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-like symptoms, within infected mice. On Day 0, MHV was inoculated intranasally into female BALB/C mice, and EFE was orally administered once/day at 350–700 mg/kg (n = 10/group) starting 1 h after inoculation until Day 5. Through a plaque assay, MHV was detected on Day 5 in the lung and liver in all inoculated mice, but the titer was significantly lower in the EFE groups as compared with untreated control mice. Although not statistically significant, the clinical score for respiratory irregularity tended to be lower in the EFE treatment groups. In conclusion, EFE inhibits MHV replication in an in vivo mouse model of human coronavirus infection and exerts pharmacological action in the lung and liver.