# Mechanical Characteristics of Soft Clay Solidified by Incorporating Granulated Blast Furnace Slag, Magnesium Oxide, and Building Gypsum

## TL;DR

This study explores using a sustainable cement alternative to strengthen soft clay, showing improved mechanical properties and durability.

## Contribution

The study introduces a novel method of stabilizing soft clay using a blend of industrial byproducts and building gypsum.

## Key findings

- S-B1 samples showed a 36.5% to 49.3% increase in compressive strength compared to S-A2 over 91 days.
- S-B1 retained higher strength after wet–dry cycles and sodium sulfate exposure than S-A2.
- Microscopic analysis revealed that building gypsum promotes ettringite formation, while magnesium oxide aids C-S-H gel production.

## Abstract

Super sulfate cement (SSC) serves as a sustainable alternative to ordinary Portland cement, offering lower carbon emissions and superior performance. Magnesium oxide (MgO) and building gypsum (BG) were utilized as activators for granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), and together they formed SSC, which was employed to stabilize the waste soft clay (SC). The mechanical strength development characteristics of solidified clay and the types of its hydration products were investigated through mechanical experiments, including unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests as well as microscopic experiments, such as X-ray diffraction tests and scanning electron microscopy tests. The mass ratios of GBFS, MgO, and BG were 8:2:0 (A2) and 6:2:2 (B1), respectively; these ratios were employed to stabilize the clay, resulting in solidified clay samples designated as S-A2 and S-B1. The UCS of S-B1 increased by 36.5% to 49.3% compared to S-A2 at the curing time from 7 to 91 days. The strength residual coefficients were 34.5% and 39.1% for S-A2 and S-B1, respectively, after ten wet–dry cycles. After soaking in sodium sulfate solution, the UCS of S-A2 and S-B1 decreased by 49.1% and 29.8%, respectively, compared to the unsoaked condition. The results of microscopic tests showed that the hydration products of S-B1 mainly included needle-like calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, flaky hydrothermal gel, and ettringite (AFt) crystals. BG promoted the formation of AFt, while MgO facilitated the generation of C-S-H gel. In this study, SSC was used to stabilize the waste clay, which provided a way for the application of waste SC and SSC.