# Impact of the Circadian Rhythm and Seasonal Changes on the Outcome of Cardiovascular Interventions

## TL;DR

This paper explores how seasonal changes and daily rhythms affect outcomes of cardiovascular procedures.

## Contribution

It provides an analysis of how circadian and seasonal factors influence complications in cardiac interventions.

## Key findings

- Cardiovascular events like heart attacks occur more frequently in winter and the morning.
- Circadian rhythms and seasonal changes modulate physiological responses and surgical outcomes.
- The influence of circadian rhythms on invasive interventions remains debated.

## Abstract

The activities of living beings fluctuate according to seasonal changes and circadian rhythms. The interaction of organisms with their environment, notably weather conditions and night–day cycles, modulate homeostatic mechanisms and influence physiological responses in stressful situations. In humans, it is well established that cardiovascular events such as myocardial infarction, stroke and acute heart failure more frequently occur in winter than in summer season (non-tropical regions) and in the morning than in the evening. While the effects of cardiovascular medications vary during the day, the influence of circadian rhythms on the outcomes of invasive interventions is the subject of conflicting debates. This paper analyzes the impact of seasonal variability and circadian rhythms on physiological responses and the occurrence of complications in cardiac surgery and interventional cardiology.