# Does Time and Experience Matter in Pediatric Arterial Ischemic Stroke (AIS) Intervention in Patients with an Initial Clinical Presentation of Mild/Moderate Severity? Long-Term Follow-Up Experience of a Single Tertiary Clinic

## TL;DR

This study examines long-term outcomes of children with mild strokes, finding that younger age at stroke is linked to worse recovery despite good initial care.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into long-term outcomes of pediatric AIS with mild initial symptoms and identifies risk factors for poor recovery.

## Key findings

- Younger stroke age (≤60 months) correlates with worse long-term functional outcomes.
- Anticoagulant treatment alone is associated with worse prognosis compared to other treatments.
- PSOM-SNE scores detect mild cognitive and language issues in patients with favorable mRS scores.

## Abstract

Introduction: This study presents long-term data of pediatric AIS patients with a favorable initial clinical presentation who were followed by a tertiary pediatric neurology clinic with a well-organized stroke team. Method: Patients who were diagnosed with AIS at pediatric age (28 days–18 years) and followed for at least 5 years by the same clinic were included in this study. The clinical and demographical characteristics of the patients were retrospectively collected from their medical records. At their last visit, the modified Rankin scale (mRS) and Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure Short Neuro Exam (PSOM-SNE) were administered, and a neurological examination was performed. Results: A total of 32 patients (20 of whom were male, 62.5%) were included in this study. Their mean age at the time of the study was 162.62 ± 64.4 (62–300) months. The mean age at first ischemic stroke was 77.39 ± 61.93 (0.5–180) months, and the mean follow-up duration was 85.44 ± 20.52 (60–121) months. Seventeen patients (53.3%) reported normal daily functions at the last visit. A younger presentation age (≤60 months) was related to a longer hospital admission duration (24 h vs. 9 h) and worse long-term functional outcomes (p = 0.023). The affected vascular territory did not have any significant effect on long-term clinical outcomes (p = 0.550). Anticoagulant treatment alone was consistent with a worse prognosis compared to antithrombotic treatment alone or the combination of both (p = 0.026). PSOM-SNE scores were helpful in detecting some mild cognitive and language dysfunctions in patients with favorable mRS scores and subtle neurological sequelae. Conclusions: Pediatric AIS with a mild presentation has some degree of long-term morbidity, even when handled at well-organized stroke centers. A younger presentation age has the highest risk of long-term neurological sequelae.