# In Vitro–In Silico Approach in the Development of Clopidogrel Solid Dispersion Formulations

## TL;DR

This study uses lab tests and computer models to improve clopidogrel drug delivery, aiming to boost absorption and reduce variability in how the drug works in patients.

## Contribution

The study introduces a validated in vitro–in silico approach to optimize clopidogrel solid dispersion formulations for enhanced bioavailability.

## Key findings

- Clopidogrel solid dispersions with copovidone (1:5) and poloxamer (1:9) showed over 100% improved bioavailability compared to immediate-release tablets.
- Higher polymer content in solid dispersions reduced clopidogrel release, affecting dissolution profiles.
- Poloxamer-based SDs may reduce inter-individual variability by targeting drug absorption in the cecum and colon.

## Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of solid dispersion (SD) formulation factors on improvement of the bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile of clopidogrel after peroral administration using an in vitro–in silico approach. A clopidogrel-specific, physiologically based biopharmaceutical model (PBBM) was developed and validated to predict absorption and distribution of clopidogrel after peroral administration of the tested formulations. Clopidogrel solid dispersions were prepared using two polymers (poloxamer 407 and copovidone) and a drug-to-polymer ratio of 1:5 and 1:9. The results of the in vitro dissolution test under pH–media change conditions showed that the type and ratio of polymers notably influenced the release of clopidogrel from the SDs. It can be observed that an increase in the polymer content in the SDs leads to a decrease in the release of clopidogrel from the SDs. The predictive power of the constructed clopidogrel-specific PBBM was demonstrated by comparing the simulation results with pharmacokinetic data from the literature. The in vitro dissolution data were used as inputs for the PBBM to predict the pharmacokinetic profiles of clopidogrel after the peroral administration of SDs. SDs with copovidone (1:5) and poloxamer (1:9) showed the potential to achieve the highest drug absorption and bioavailability, with an improvement of over 100% compared to an immediate-release (IR) tablet. The sample with poloxamer (1:9) may have the potential to reduce inter-individual variability in clopidogrel pharmacokinetics due to absorption in the cecum and colon and associated lower first-pass metabolism in the liver. This suggests that distal intestine may be the targeted delivery site for clopidogrel, leading to improved absorption and bioavailability of the drug. This study has shown that an in vitro–in silico approach could be a useful tool for the development and optimization of clopidogrel formulations, helping in decision making regarding the composition of the formulation to achieve the desired pharmacokinetic profile.