# Shifts in food consumption patterns in the Levant: a systematic review of the last six decades

## TL;DR

This study reviews how food consumption in the Levant has changed over six decades, showing a shift from plant-based diets to more processed and animal-based foods.

## Contribution

The paper provides a systematic review of food consumption patterns in the Levant, highlighting regional dietary shifts and their public health implications.

## Key findings

- In the 1960s, diets in the Levant were primarily local, seasonal, and plant-based.
- By the 1990s, there was increased consumption of processed foods, refined carbohydrates, and animal products.
- Most studies were conducted in Lebanon, limiting generalizability across the Levant.

## Abstract

Food consumption patterns have changed tremendously since the mid-twentieth century, with a rapid global nutritional shift raising concerns, particularly in disadvantaged regions such as the Eastern Mediterranean region (EMR). Given that food intake is very context-specific, this research examines food consumption patterns in Jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, and Syria, representing the contemporary Levant region.

A systematic review was conducted by searching PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and CINAHL. The eligibility criteria were to include only original peer-reviewed observational studies reporting individual-level food consumption among local Jordanians, Lebanese, Palestinians, and Syrians. Extracted data were synthesized through descriptive statistics and presented in tables and charts. The risk of bias was assessed using the tool developed by Hoy et al. for prevalence studies.

A total of 43 articles that measured and reported food consumption at the individual level for the populations in these countries were included. Findings reveal that in the 1960s, diets in the region were primarily local, seasonal, and plant-based, with moderate to low animal product intake. By the 1990s, a noticeable shift occurred, marked by increased consumption of processed foods, refined carbohydrates, and animal products, with minimal increase in fruit and vegetable intake. Most studies were conducted in Lebanon, limiting the generalizability of findings across the Levant countries.

This review presents an understanding of food consumption changes on the level of food items, food groups, and dietary patterns specific to the Levant. Future studies on food consumption patterns should prioritize national surveys using valid, reliable, and cultural-specific measurement tools and provide detailed, age-disaggregated dietary data. Public health interventions are needed to address the ongoing dietary shift, which is unfolding amid political instability, economic crises, and food insecurity.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12966-025-01741-8.