# Evaluation of Mechanical and Elemental Properties of Bioceramic-Coated Orthodontic Brackets and Enamel Surface

## TL;DR

This study compares the mechanical and surface properties of orthodontic brackets coated with two bioactive materials to determine their effectiveness in orthodontic applications.

## Contribution

The novelty lies in evaluating the long-term mechanical performance and surface characteristics of nHA- and nBG-coated orthodontic brackets.

## Key findings

- nHA-coated brackets showed the highest shear bond strength on days 7, 14, and 30.
- Coated brackets retained nanoparticles on their surfaces, as confirmed by imaging.
- Adhesive failure was common at the enamel-bracket interface across all groups.

## Abstract

Objective
 The aim is to coat orthodontic brackets with two different bioactive materials and to compare the mechanical and morphological properties of coated brackets and tooth surfaces.

Materials and Methods
 A total of 120 stainless steel brackets were divided equally into three groups, that is, the uncoated brackets and nanohydroxyapatite (nHA)-coated, and nanobioactive glass (nBG)-coated brackets using a spin coater machine. The brackets were bonded on the enamel surface and underwent remineralization/demineralization cycles for days 1, 7, 14, and 30. At each time interval, the bond strength of the brackets was assessed using mechanical loading. An optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for surface evaluation, and the adhesive remanent index (ARI) values were obtained and quantified.

Statistical Analysis
 One-way analysis of variance using Tukey's test was used to compare the differences among the groups.

Results
 A uniform distribution of nanoparticles occurred on the surfaces of brackets. The shear bond strength (SBS) showed no significant differences in any tested groups on days 1, 7, and 14. However, control and nBG showed a significant difference from nHA at day 30. On days 7, 14, and 30, the nHA group showed the highest SBS values among the groups. For ARI, most samples showed an adhesive nature of failure at the enamel–brackets interface. The images confirmed the presence of coated particles on brackets and remnants of adhesives after SBS.

Conclusion
 This study confirmed that the nHA- and nBG-coated brackets have a high potential for application in orthodontics regarding structural and mechanical properties.