TM9SF4 is a potential prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma

TL;DR

This study finds that TM9SF4 is overactive in liver cancer and could help predict patient outcomes.

Contribution

TM9SF4 is identified as a novel independent prognostic biomarker in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Findings

TM9SF4 is upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues.

High TM9SF4 expression correlates with worse survival and advanced cancer stages.

TM9SF4 is functionally linked to cell cycle pathways in HCC.

Abstract

The transmembrane 9 superfamily protein member 4 (TM9SF4) is a transmembrane protein upregulated in multiple cancers; however, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unknown.

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) databases were utilized to investigate the differential expression of TM9SF4 in HCC and tumor tissues. The prognostic and value of TM9SF4 in HCC was evaluated using Kaplan–Meier analysis, Cox regression, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses. The expression pattern and prognostic value of TM9SF4 was further verified using immunohistochemical (IHC) examination of 87 pairs of HCC clinical specimens. A nomogram was constructed by combining TM9SF4 expression and clinicopathological parameters to predict prognosis for individual patient. Additionally, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to identify key pathways related to TM9SF4.

TM9SF4 expression was upregulated in the HCC tissues. High expression of TM9SF4 was significantly associated with advanced T stage, histological grade, and worse survival. Multivariable Cox analysis revealed that TM9SF4 expression was an independent factor for overall survival. The nomogram by incorporating the TM9SF4 and T stage showed good performance in predicting prognosis. Moreover, GSEA analysis revealed that TM9SF4 was functionally involved in pathways associated with the cell cycle.

These findings suggest that TM9SF4 is a promising biomarker with prognostic potential and functional significance in HCC.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12672-025-02417-2.

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