# Effect of Oral Insulin on Early Combined Glucose and C-Peptide Endpoints in Individuals at High-Risk for Type 1 Diabetes

## TL;DR

Oral insulin may delay type 1 diabetes in high-risk individuals by improving glucose and C-peptide levels within a year.

## Contribution

A novel combination of glucose and C-peptide markers shows early therapeutic benefit of oral insulin in high-risk individuals.

## Key findings

- Glucose levels rose and C-peptide declined in the placebo group, but not in the oral insulin group.
- Combined glucose and C-peptide metrics showed significant differences between groups after one year.
- Centroid ratio analysis revealed a favorable effect of oral insulin on metabolic markers.

## Abstract

Background: The TrialNet Oral Insulin (OI) prevention trial showed no overall treatment effect, using the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes as an endpoint. A significant delay in onset was only found in a high-risk stratum (termed secondary stratum 1) of participants with low first-phase insulin release (FPIR).

Methods: Since trials with an endpoint of type 1 diabetes take years to complete, in this post hoc analysis, we assessed whether a novel combination of glucose and C-peptide markers could identify a therapeutic benefit after 1 year of follow-up (trial participants followed for a median 2.7 years).

Results: Participants were relatives with multiple islet autoantibodies and low FPIR (n = 40). Glucose rose, and C-peptide declined in the placebo group, whereas glucose rose minimally, and C-peptide increased in the OI group. When glucose and C-peptide were plotted on two-dimensional grids using 30–120-min oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) time points, changes in ratios of their central points (centroid ratio) differed between groups (p=0.037 adjusted for age, BMI, and baseline C-peptide and glucose).

Conclusions: These findings support a favorable early effect of OI on combined glucose and C-peptide endpoints in high-risk individuals, indicating metabolic benefit. With further study, these measures may allow for shorter trials compared to the standard endpoint of type 1 diabetes diagnosis.