# Increased Immunoglobulin and Proteoglycan Synthesis in Resected Hippocampal Tissue Predicts Post-Surgical Seizure Recurrence in Human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

## TL;DR

This study shows that gene activity in brain tissue removed during epilepsy surgery can predict whether seizures will return after the operation.

## Contribution

The study identifies specific gene expression patterns in resected tissue that correlate with post-surgical seizure outcomes in TLE patients.

## Key findings

- 1548 differentially expressed genes were found between seizure-free and non-seizure-free patients.
- Pro-inflammatory gene activity was linked to better post-surgery outcomes compared to ECM and autoantibody-related processes.
- Targeting ECM remodeling and inflammation may help prevent seizure recurrence after surgery.

## Abstract

Background/Objectives: For patients with medically refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), surgery is an effective strategy. However, post-operative seizure recurrence occurs in 20–30% of patients, and it remains challenging to predict outcomes solely based on clinical variables. Here, we ask to what extent differences in gene expression in epileptic tissue can predict the outcome after resective epilepsy surgery. Methods: We performed RNAseq on hippocampal tissue resected from eight patients who underwent anterior temporal lobectomy with amygalohippocampectomy (ATL/AH), half of whom became seizure free (SF) or non-seizure free (NSF). Results: Bioinformatic analyses revealed 1548 differentially expressed genes and statistical enrichment analyses identified a distinct set of pathways in NSF and SF cohorts that were associated with neuroinflammation, neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and extracellular matrix (ECM) reorganization. Resected tissue exhibiting strong pro-inflammatory processes are associated with better post-surgery seizure outcomes than patients exhibiting cellular signaling processes related to ECM reorganization, autoantibody production, and neural circuit formation. Conclusions: The results suggest that post-operative targeting of both inhibitory aspects of the ECM remodeling and the autoimmune/inflammatory components may be helpful in promoting repair and preventing the recurrence of seizures.