# Trauma and identity predictors of ICD-11 PTSD and complex PTSD in a trauma-exposed Colombian sample

## TL;DR

The study explores how personal and social identity relate to PTSD and complex PTSD in trauma-exposed individuals in Colombia.

## Contribution

It identifies social and personal identity as unique predictors of complex PTSD, not PTSD, in post-conflict populations.

## Key findings

- Greater personal identity orientation increases the likelihood of CPTSD diagnosis.
- Stronger social identity orientation reduces the odds of CPTSD diagnosis.
- Trauma experiences are linked to both PTSD and CPTSD, but identity factors uniquely predict CPTSD.

## Abstract

The 11th International Classification of Diseases introduces the diagnosis of Complex PTSD (CPTSD); characterized by traditional PTSD symptomology plus Disturbances in Self Organisation. Part of this construct involves feeling socially disconnected from others, suggesting that aspects of group and individual identity may be associated with this disorder.

The current study seeks to contribute to better understanding the association of individual social and personal identity in development of this disorder in post-conflict contexts.

This study analysed survey data collected as part a case-control investigation of psychological risk and resilience in a trauma-exposed sample in Colombia (N = 541). Identity orientations, that is, the level of importance ascribed to one’s social and personal identity, was assessed using the Social and Personal Identities Scale (SIPI) and was assessed as predictor of probable CPTSD diagnosis using multinomial logistic regression.

Analyses indicated that trauma experiences were associated with both diagnostic categories, however Social and Personal identity orientation were significant predictors of probable CPTSD diagnosis, but not probable PTSD diagnosis. Greater Personal identity orientation, that is, viewing oneself as individualistic, was associated with increased likelihood of CPTSD. In contrast, greater Social Identity orientation, that is, stronger group membership identification, was associated with reduced odds of CPTSD diagnosis. Identifying as a victim of the conflict was not significantly associated with risk for PTSD or CPTSD outcomes.

Greater sense of Social Identity and cohesion is suggested to be protective against CPTSD development, whereas greater personal identity orientation is a risk factor. Theoretical perspectives considering the role of social and personal identity may be valuable in understanding individual risk for CPTSD in post-conflict societies.