# Pathogenic bacterial profile, associated factors, and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in intra-city public transport in Harar City, Eastern Ethiopia

## TL;DR

This study found high levels of pathogenic bacteria and antibiotic resistance on public transport surfaces in Harar City, Ethiopia, highlighting the need for better hygiene practices.

## Contribution

The study provides new data on bacterial contamination and antimicrobial resistance in public transport in Eastern Ethiopia.

## Key findings

- Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 74.4% of sampled vehicles.
- High antimicrobial resistance was observed, especially against ampicillin and oxacillin.
- Factors like unclean surfaces and high passenger counts were linked to contamination.

## Abstract

Public transportation plays a vital role in urban settings, especially with the expansion of mass transit systems. However, concerns have arisen regarding the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens, primarily through contact with surfaces in public transport. There is limited data on this topic in Eastern Ethiopia, particularly in Harar. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the pathogenic bacterial profile, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, and associated factors in intra-city public transport in Harar City, Eastern Ethiopia, from 20 June to 30 October 2023.

A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 258 intra-city public transport vehicles selected through convenience sampling. The data collection process was conducted using structured questionnaires administered to drivers, and swab samples were obtained from frequently touched surfaces, such as seats, handles, and doors. These specimens were shipped to a laboratory within 2 h for microbiological analysis. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 21. Linear and logistic regression analyses were employed to identify factors associated with pathogenic bacteria contamination, with statistical significance established at a p-value of <0.05 and a 95% confidence interval (CI).

A total of 258 vehicles were sampled, with pathogenic bacteria isolated from 192 vehicles, resulting in an isolation rate of 74.4% (95% CI: 69–80%). The mean colony-forming unit (CFU) count was 2.994 × 104 (SD: ± 0.562 × 104 CFU). The predominant pathogens identified included coagulase-negative Staphylococci (40.3%), Staphylococcus aureus (27.5%), Klebsiella species (11.6%), and Escherichia coli (10.9%). High antimicrobial resistance rates were observed, particularly against ampicillin (97.6%) and oxacillin (56.5%) in Gram-positive isolates, while Gram-negative rods exhibited varied resistance patterns. Multidrug resistance was detected in 22.5% of isolates. Significant factors associated with pathogenic bacteria contamination included sampling location (handles and seats), multiple routes, high passenger counts, unclean surfaces, and afternoon sampling.

This study highlights alarming levels of bacterial contamination in public transport, the prevalence of pathogenic bacteria, and significant antibiotic resistance. Implementing effective hygiene measures and ensuring regular sanitation are essential to mitigating microbial risks and controlling the spread of community-acquired infections.