# Concentration and geospatial modelling of Health Development Offices’ accessibility for the total and elderly populations in Hungary

## TL;DR

This study analyzes the distribution and accessibility of Health Development Offices in Hungary to assess their ability to provide preventive health services, especially for the elderly.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a geospatial analysis of Health Development Offices in Hungary to evaluate their accessibility and distribution for the general and elderly populations.

## Key findings

- HDOs are underrepresented in the capital city and several counties according to the LQ Index.
- An increase in population size correlates with more HDOs in rural areas but not in Budapest and its surroundings.
- The current HDO network can meet preventive health needs but requires improved geographical spread for better accessibility.

## Abstract

This study examines the availability and national distribution of Health Development Offices (HDOs; N = 108) in Hungary, with an emphasis on their role in health prevention for the general and elderly population. HDOs play a crucial role in providing preventive services (nutrition, physical activity, mental hygiene), a significant factor in the health preservation of the elderly. The geographical location and accessibility of these Offices are essential parameters as they influence individual participation willingness.

Leveraging advanced geospatial modelling techniques with QGIS 3.34.0 and Excel, SPSS software, we mapped the locations of HDOs relative to population centres, employing statistical tools such as the Lorenz Curve and Gini Index, Location Quotient (LQ) Index, and Herfindahl–Hirschman Index. These methods allowed for a nuanced analysis of service concentration and the identification of geographic disparities in service provision. The relationship between the population and the number of HDOs was analysed using Pearson correlation. This spatial and demographic study was based on 2022 data.

The number of HDOs did not indicate significant spatial concentration relative to the population, although the entropy index measured substantial diversity among the counties. Based on the measured LQ Index values, it can be stated that the presence of HDOs is underrepresented in the capital city and several counties. Additionally, our regression analysis indicated that an increase in population size is associated with an increase in the number of HDOs in rural areas; however, this relationship does not hold in Budapest and its surrounding region.

The examination of geocoordinates through scatter plots indicated a broad spectrum of dispersion, and the placement of HDOs on the map revealed a star topology. From the findings of our research, it can be concluded that the Hungarian network of Health Development Offices (N = 108) can meet the preventive health needs of both the general and the elderly population. Enhancing the geographical spread of HDOs is crucial for improving the accessibility and effectiveness of disease prevention strategies, especially among Hungary’s aging population, thereby contributing to a more equitable health service landscape.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-025-22392-1.