# Antimicrobial efficacy and cytotoxicity of ethanolic extracts of Salvia officinalis and Juglans regia against oral pathogens

## TL;DR

This study tests the antimicrobial and non-toxic properties of ethanolic extracts from sage and walnut against oral pathogens.

## Contribution

The novel contribution is evaluating the combined antimicrobial efficacy and safety of Salvia officinalis and Juglans regia extracts against oral pathogens.

## Key findings

- Ethanolic extracts of Salvia officinalis and Juglans regia showed significant antimicrobial activity against S. mutans, L. casei, and C. albicans.
- The extracts were non-toxic to L929 cells at effective concentrations, unlike pure chlorhexidine.
- Combined application of the extracts enhanced antimicrobial effects against oral pathogens.

## Abstract

Herbal extracts have gained attention for their potential benefits in promoting oral health and preventing dental caries and periodontal diseases. This study evaluated the antimicrobial effects and cytotoxicity of ethanolic extracts of Salvia officinalis and Juglans regia, both individually and in combination, against Streptococcus mutans, Lactobacillus casei, and Candida albicans, microorganisms associated with oral diseases.

In this in vitro study, the hydroalcoholic (ethanolic) extracts of J. regia and S. officinalis were prepared using the maceration method. To determine the antimicrobial effectiveness, the zone of inhibition in the disk agar diffusion, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were assessed for each extract, separately and in combination. The extracts’ cytotoxicity was investigated at their effective doses using the MTT (methyl thiazole tetrazolium) assay.

Compared to the negative control, ethanolic extracts of S. officinalis and J. regia exhibited a significant inhibitory effect (P<0.001) on S. mutans and L. casei. Salvia officinalis extract exhibited antimicrobial activities, as evidenced by the MIC values of 237.5 µg/mL for S. mutans, 118.7 µg/mL for Lactobacillus casei, and 31.25 mg/mL for C. albicans. The ethanolic extract of Juglans regia exhibited MIC values of 29.6 µg/mL for S. mutans, 475 µg/mL for L. casei, and 15.62 mg/mL for C. albicans, respectively. MTT assay results showed that the extracts had no cytotoxic effects at the MIC on the L929 cell line; however, pure chlorhexidine was toxic at 0.2% concentration.

The study results revealed that the ethanolic extracts of S. officinalis and J. regia and their combined application showed antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms pertinent to oral health. In addition, cytotoxicity evaluations indicated that these extracts are non-toxic to the L929 cell line at effective concentrations.