# Qualitative insights into ecobiosocial factors influencing colorectal cancer risk in Malaysia

## TL;DR

This study explores how ecological, biological, and social factors influence colorectal cancer risk in Malaysia through interviews with patients who have undergone colonoscopies.

## Contribution

The study provides novel qualitative insights into how EBS factors interact to shape CRC risk from the perspective of Malaysians.

## Key findings

- Ecological factors like physical activity environment and food sources influence CRC risk perceptions.
- Family history of CRC is a key biological factor shaping individual experiences and perceptions.
- Social factors such as sociocultural customs and misconceptions affect CRC risk understanding.

## Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a growing public health concern in Malaysia influenced by a complex interplay of ecological, biological, and social (EBS) factors. Despite its increasing incidence, limited research has explored how these factors interact to shape CRC risk in the Malaysian context, especially from the perspectives of affected individuals. This study explores Malaysians’ perceptions and experiences regarding CRC risk within the EBS framework.

A qualitative case study approach involved in-depth interviews with twelve Malaysians aged 35–75 who had undergone colonoscopy at a university hospital. All interviews were recorded and transcribed. Data were collected until saturation was achieved. The transcripts were coded and analysed using ATLAS.ti software. The data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings revealed key themes related to ecological factors in the physical activity environment, which included the sub-themes of type, facilitators, barriers to physical activity, and food sources. The biological factors theme revealed that a family history of CRC influences experience and perception. The subthemes of social factors were sociocultural customs, misconceptions, food preparation methods, CRC-related foods, and food affordability.

The findings highlighted the multifactorial nature of CRC risk. Understanding the aspects of EBS supports the development of targeted public health interventions to address modifiable CRC risk factors and promote prevention and early CRC detection in the Malaysian context.