# Eye movements during the Iowa Gambling Task in Parkinson’s disease: a brief report

## TL;DR

This study explores how eye movements during a decision-making task differ in people with Parkinson’s disease compared to healthy individuals, suggesting a potential early detection method.

## Contribution

The study introduces eye-tracking during the Iowa Gambling Task as a novel method to detect decision-making impairments in Parkinson’s disease.

## Key findings

- PD participants performed worse on decision-making tasks over time compared to controls.
- PD participants showed a 72% reduction in blinks during the task despite similar eye movement patterns.
- Combining eye-tracking with standard tests may improve early detection of Parkinson’s disease.

## Abstract

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by motor and cognitive impairments. Subtle cognitive impairment may precede motor impairment. There is a substantial need for innovative assessments, such as those involving decision-making, to detect PD in the premotor phase. Evidence suggests executive dysfunction in PD can impede strategic decision-making relying on learning and applying feedback. The Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), when combined with eye-tracking, may be a valuable synergistic strategy for predicting impaired decision-making and therapeutic non-compliance. Participants with PD and matched healthy controls completed the Movement Disorders Society’s modified Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS-MDS), 6-min Walk Test (6MWT), Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), Trail Making Test A and B (TMT A and B), Controlled Oral Word Association Test (COWAT), and the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS). Eye tracking was recorded during the IGT. The PD group scored significantly higher on UPDRS subscales and travelled less distance during the 6MWT despite equivalent performance on the TUG. The PD group also had longer completion times on TMT A and B and more errors on TMT B. Overall IGT winning scores were marginally worse in PD. However, when analyzed as a function of performance over time, the PD group performed significantly worse by task end, thus suggesting impaired decision-making. PD participants exhibited a 72% reduction in blinks despite equivalent outcomes in other eye-movements. Combined with established motor and executive function tests, the inclusion of eye-tracking with the IGT may represent a powerful combination of noninvasive methods to detect and monitor PD early in progression.