# The influence of time of day on disruptive behaviours in middle school students during physical education classes

## TL;DR

This study found that middle school students show fewer disruptive behaviors in afternoon physical education classes compared to morning ones.

## Contribution

The study provides empirical evidence on how the time of day affects disruptive behaviors in PE classes.

## Key findings

- Disruptive behaviors occurred significantly less frequently in afternoon PE sessions compared to morning sessions.
- The average frequency of disruptive behaviors was 0.8 per minute in the morning and 0.485 per minute in the afternoon.

## Abstract

Understanding the factors influencing disruptive behaviour (DB) in Physical Education (PE) is essential for optimizing learning environments and student engagement. The aim of this study was to measure the frequency of DB in PE at two different times of the day, morning and afternoon, over an eight-week period.

One hundred thirty-seven male students participated in the study, with a mean age of 13.63 ± 0.7 years and PE experience of 5.7 ± 0.3 years. The Disciplinary Incidents Observing System (DIOS) was used to measure the frequency of DB occurrences during PE sessions.

A significant difference was found in the average frequency of DBs observed between morning and afternoon sessions (p = 0.008 < 0.05). A total of 160 DBs were recorded during morning sessions, averaging 40 DBs per session or 0.8 DBs per minute. In contrast, 97 DBs were observed during afternoon sessions, averaging 24.25 DBs per session or 0.485 DBs per minute. These results suggest that physical activity in afternoon PE sessions is likely to significantly reduce the incidence of DBs.

The findings of this study could serve as a valuable reference for decision-makers in organizing PE schedules, particularly in schools classified as “at risk”, where the prevalence of violence and incivility is above average.