# Plasma metabolomic signatures for copy number variants and COVID-19 risk loci in Northern Finland populations

## TL;DR

This study identifies metabolomic signatures linked to genetic variations and COVID-19 risk in Finnish populations.

## Contribution

The paper introduces a comprehensive atlas of metabolomic signatures for CNVs and links them to potential mechanisms in severe COVID-19.

## Key findings

- Identified metabolomic signatures for over 9,300 individuals' CNVs affecting lipoproteins and metabolites.
- Reported reference metabolomic signatures for ~2.6 million COVID-19 GWAS results.
- Proposed NFIX and ACSL1 as candidate genes for severe COVID-19 biology.

## Abstract

Copy number variants (CNVs) are an important class of genomic variation known to be important for human physiology and diseases. Here we present genome-wide metabolomic signatures for CNVs in two Finnish cohorts—The Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC 1966) and NFBC 1986. We have analysed and reported CNVs in over 9,300 individuals and characterised their dosage effect (CNV-metabolomic QTL) on 228 plasma lipoproteins and metabolites. We have reported reference (normal physiology) metabolomic signatures for up to ~ 2.6 million COVID-19 GWAS results from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) GRASP database, including for outcomes related to COVID-19 death, severity, and hospitalisation. Furthermore, by analysing two exemplar genes for COVID-19 severity namely LZTFL1 and OAS1, we have reported here two additional candidate genes for COVID-19 severity biology, (1) NFIX, a gene related to viral (adenovirus) replication and hematopoietic stem cells and (2) ACSL1, a known candidate gene for sepsis and bacterial inflammation. Based on our results and current literature we hypothesise that (1) charge imbalance across the cellular membrane between cations (Fe2+, Mg2+ etc.) and anions (e.g. ROS, hydroxide ion from cellular Fenton reactions, superoxide etc.), (2) iron trafficking within and between different cell types e.g., macrophages and (3) systemic oxidative stress response (e.g. lipid peroxidation mediated inflammation), together could be of relevance in severe COVID-19 cases. To conclude, our unique atlas of univariate and multivariate metabolomic signatures for CNVs (~ 7.2 million signatures) with deep annotations of various multi-omics data sets provide an important reference knowledge base for human metabolism and diseases.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-94839-9.