# Genetic diversity of Olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) and the impact of selective breeding on Korean populations

## TL;DR

This study examines the genetic diversity and population structure of olive flounder in Korea, highlighting the impact of selective breeding on farmed populations.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into the genetic relationships between wild and farmed olive flounder populations in Korea.

## Key findings

- NIFS and FarmA are closely related genetically, while FarmB shows moderate differentiation.
- Wild populations are significantly genetically distinct from farmed populations.
- Selective breeding has influenced the genetic structure of farmed populations, with implications for aquaculture improvement.

## Abstract

This study aimed to identify the population structure and genetic diversity of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) in Korea and to examine the potential for genetic improvement in aquaculture populations. PCA showed NIFS and FarmA as closely related clusters, while FarmB exhibited moderate differentiation with greater variability. Fst analysis indicated high similarity between NIFS and farmed populations (0.021–0.043) but significant differentiation from wild populations (0.274–0.295). Admixture analysis highlighted a shared ancestral component (over 70%) among NIFS and farmed populations, contrasting with the unique genetic makeup of wild populations. The phylogenetic tree confirmed these patterns, with NIFS and FarmA forming close branches, FarmB showing intermediate placement, and wild populations clustering separately. Additionally, genomic estimated breeding values for body weight showed no significant differences between FarmA and FarmB, while prediction accuracy was higher for FarmA (47%) compared to FarmB (45%), indicating a closer genetic relationship between NIFS and FarmA. These findings emphasize the critical role of selective breeding and gene flow in shaping the genetic structure of farmed populations, offering valuable insights for improving growth traits and maintaining genetic diversity in aquaculture.