# Evaluation of Changes in the Anthropometric Measurements of Infants in Relation to the Type of Feeding and the Presence of Gestational Diabetes in Their Mothers: A Preliminary Study

## TL;DR

This study examines how infant feeding and maternal gestational diabetes affect infant growth over the first year of life.

## Contribution

The study provides preliminary insights into the relationship between breastfeeding, formula feeding, and infant growth in the context of maternal gestational diabetes.

## Key findings

- Exclusively breastfed infants had higher weight at 7 weeks but lower weight at 12 months compared to formula-fed infants.
- Breastfed boys showed lower weight, length, BMI, and subscapular skinfold thickness at 12 months compared to formula-fed boys.
- Maternal gestational diabetes did not significantly affect infant anthropometric measurements up to one year of age.

## Abstract

Background: Breastfeeding is widely regarded as the optimal method of infant nutrition. A notable benefit of breastfeeding is its potential to avert the development of childhood overweight and obesity. This assertion holds particular significance in the context of infants whose mothers have exhibited gestational diabetes, a condition that has been demonstrated to be associated with an increased risk of carbohydrate and/or fat disorders in offspring, potentially leading to the onset of overweight and obesity in later life. Objective: The objective of the present study was to examine the variations in the anthropometric dimensions of infants across three distinct time points during the initial year of life, with a particular focus on the correlation between infant feeding practices and the prevalence of gestational diabetes in maternal subjects. Additionally, this study encompassed an analysis of the disparities in anthropometric dimensions between infant males and females. Methods: The study population included 42 infants whose mothers had been diagnosed with gestational diabetes between the 24th and 28th week of pregnancy, as well as 28 infants of women without gestational diabetes. The infants’ dietary habits, including breastfeeding, mixed feeding, and formula feeding, were assessed, and their anthropometric measurements were obtained at three time points: 7 ± 1 weeks postpartum, 6 months ± 1 week postpartum, and 12 months ± 1 week postpartum. The infants were measured for weight, length, head circumference, and thickness of the subscapular skin fold. We also calculated their BMI and Ponderal Index, and the measurements were referenced to WHO centile grids. Results: At 7 ± 1 weeks postpartum, exclusively breastfed infants exhibited higher weight compared to those who were mixed-fed or formula-fed (p = 0.03). However, at 1 year of age, breastfed infants demonstrated significantly lower weight compared to formula-fed infants (p = 0.019). Furthermore, at 12 months, breastfed boys exhibited lower weight, length, BMI, and lower subscapular skinfold thickness compared to formula-fed infants. Conclusions: Breastfeeding has been shown to play a pivotal role in preventing obesity in children. In the initial postnatal period, infants who are fed breast milk exhibit a higher weight compared to those who are fed formula. However, by the age of 12 months, the weight of breastfed infants typically falls below that of formula-fed infants. Diabetes during pregnancy has been observed to have no impact on the anthropometric dimensions of infants up to the age of one. Nevertheless, further research is necessary to comprehensively assess the long-term implications of maternal GDM in their offspring.