Assessment of Immunoscore, MRI Tumor Regression Grade, and Neoadjuvant Rectal Score in Predicting Pathologic Response in Locally Advanced Rectal Cancer in the Averectal Study

TL;DR

This study evaluates how combining immune scores, MRI tumor regression grades, and neoadjuvant rectal scores can better predict treatment response in advanced rectal cancer patients.

Contribution

The study introduces a combined predictive model using immunoscore, MRI tumor regression grade, and NAR scores for predicting pathologic complete response in rectal cancer.

Findings

Patients with both high immunoscore and mrTRG = 1 had a 66.7% pathologic complete response rate.

Pathologic NAR scores were significantly correlated with pathologic complete response (p < 0.0001).

Both pathologic and radiologic NAR scores were linked to overall and disease-free survival.

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Predictive tools are needed to assess the response to treatment and guide treatment decisions for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). This study explores the value of combining the immunoscore (IS) and magnetic resonance imaging tumor regression grade (mrTRG) with pathologic and radiologic neoadjuvant rectal (NAR) scores in predicting pathologic complete response (pCRs). Methods: The scores were assessed for patients with LARC enrolled in the Averectal study (NCT03503630), who received five fractions of short-course radiotherapy, followed by six cycles of mFOLFOX-6 plus avelumab, and total mesorectal excision. The IS was calculated using the mean density percentiles of CD3- and CD8-positive T-cells on baseline biopsy samples. Baseline and post-treatment MRIs were reviewed to measure the mrTRG. NAR scores were calculated using the pre-treatment T stage and post-treatment pathologic and radiologic N and T stages. Results: Fifteen out of thirty-five patients whose data were available achieved pCR (42.8%), and seven out of fourteen patients with mrTRG = 1 (complete response) attained pCR. In patients with both a mrTRG = 1 and high IS, the pCR rate was 66.7% (6/9). All of the patients who achieved pCR had a low or intermediate pathologic NAR score with a significant correlation between pCR and pathologic NAR scores (p < 0.0001). Both pathologic and radiologic NAR scores were correlated with overall survival and disease-free survival. Conclusions: The IS can supplement the mrTRG to better predict TNT outcomes, along with the use of the NAR score. This combination could potentially help with patient selection for non-operative management and guide treatment strategies for those with different recurrence risks.

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