# Greek Raw Honey from Pindos Mountain Improves Redox Homeostasis of RAW264.7 Macrophages

## TL;DR

Greek raw honey from Pindos Mountain helps protect cells from oxidative stress by boosting antioxidant defenses and reducing damage.

## Contribution

This study demonstrates the redox-protective effects of Greek raw honey on macrophages for the first time.

## Key findings

- Most honey samples enhanced antioxidant defense mechanisms in RAW264.7 macrophages.
- Honey protected against oxidative damage to lipids and proteins in cells.
- Greek raw honey shows strong potential to improve cellular redox homeostasis.

## Abstract

Honey is a complex mixture of various compounds that possesses strong biological properties, among which is its antioxidant activity. It is worth mentioning that the botanical origin and the phytochemical composition are crucial parameters that determine the bioactive profile of honey. Oxidative stress is a biological phenomenon implicated into the pathogenesis of various diseases. Hence, the multifaceted evaluation of the redox-related effects of natural products, rich in bioactive compounds, may lead to the growth of putative strategies for the attenuation of oxidative stress and the prevention of such pathophysiological conditions. Within this context, the aim of the present study was to assess the biological activities of six Greek raw honey samples from Pindos Mountain in vitro, by examining their ability to cause redox alterations in RAW264.7 macrophages. For that purpose, we evaluated a panel of markers associated with antioxidant defense and oxidative damage. According to our findings, most honey samples had positive impacts on cellular redox homeostasis, as indicated by the enhancement of antioxidant defense mechanisms and the protection against oxidative damage to lipids and proteins. Conclusively, this study highlights the Greek raw honey samples potent antioxidant capacity, confirming their promising role in improving redox homeostasis.