# Identification of phloem-specific proteinaSEOus structure heterogeneity in sieve element of Populus trichocarpa

## TL;DR

This study identifies multiple phloem-specific proteins in Populus trichocarpa, suggesting structural diversity in sieve elements.

## Contribution

The discovery of 12 potential P-protein orthologs in Populus trichocarpa expands understanding of phloem structure heterogeneity.

## Key findings

- Genomic analysis identified 12 potential orthologs of the SEOR gene in Populus trichocarpa.
- Transcriptomic and proteomic data confirmed expression of at least seven of these genes.
- The findings suggest heterogeneous protein structures in mature sieve elements of Populus trichocarpa.

## Abstract

Phloem, an exceptional plant vascular tissue, facilitates the transport of photoassimilates, RNAs, and other signaling substances from the leaves to the roots throughout the plant. Among the specialized phloem cells are the conductive sieve elements (SEs), which are unique in that they remain alive despite lacking several cell organelles, including the nucleus, plastids, and most mitochondria. These SEs contain a specific proteinaceous structure composed of phloem-specific proteins (P-proteins), whose function is not yet fully understood. Various P-proteins have been characterized in broad range of model species, including Arabidopsis thaliana, and reported in Fabaceae and Cucurbitaceae plants. To date, only one P-protein has been identified in the model tree species Populus trichocarpa. Given the presence of multiple P-protein encoding genes across numerous plant species, we hypothesized the existence of multiple such genes in the Populus genome. Our genomic analysis uncovered 12 genes being potential orthologues to one of A. thaliana P-protein – SEOR (sieve element occlusion-related) genes, which may contribute to the proteinaceous structures observed in differentiating sieve elements. Our transcriptomic and proteomic analyses confirmed the expression of at least seven of these genes, indicating that the protein structure visible in mature sieve elements in P. trichocarpa may be heterogeneous.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12870-025-06439-4.