# Improved antibody breadth with an extended primary dose interval of COVID-19 vaccine is overcome by boosters

## TL;DR

Extending the time between first and second doses of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine improves short-term antibody responses, but these benefits disappear after a booster dose.

## Contribution

The study reveals that extended dose intervals improve short-term antibody breadth but not long-term immunity in the context of boosters.

## Key findings

- Extended dose intervals improved neutralizing antibody breadth against early SARS-CoV-2 variants but not Omicron.
- Memory T cell responses were unaffected by the dose interval.
- The benefits of extended dose intervals were lost after a booster dose.

## Abstract

During rollout of mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, several jurisdictions extended the interval between the first and second doses to prioritize wider population access to limited vaccine supply. This study evaluated the effects of an extended dose interval on development of antibody and cell-mediated responses following the primary dose series and a subsequent booster dose.

Blood samples were collected from mRNA COVID-19 vaccine recipients at baseline and longitudinally after each dose. Samples were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody titers, neutralizing antibodies and memory T cell responses.

An extended dose interval was associated with improved breadth of neutralizing antibody responses against both ancestral and early SARS-CoV-2 variants, but not Omicron variants. Dose interval had no impact on the development of antigen-specific memory T cell responses, the memory or T helper phenotypes of responding T cells or cytokine production. The effects of the primary dose interval on immune outcomes were no longer evident after a third dose of mRNA vaccine.

An extended primary dose interval resulted in short-term benefits to humoral immunity but these were transient in the context of subsequent exposures. However, in addition to the public health benefits of wider population access to vaccines, the short-term immunological benefits of extending the dose interval may have been sustained in the absence of boosters. These findings underscore the importance of evaluating dosing intervals during the development of future vaccine candidates.