# CD147-high classical monocytes: a cellular biomarker for COVID-19 disease severity and treatment response

## TL;DR

This study identifies CD147-high classical monocytes as a potential biomarker for tracking the severity and treatment response in COVID-19 patients.

## Contribution

The study introduces CD147hi cMono as a novel cellular biomarker for assessing disease severity and treatment outcomes in COVID-19.

## Key findings

- CD147hi cMono are the main source of S1-induced cytokines in severe COVID-19.
- The proportion of CD147hi cMono increases with disease severity and decreases with clinical improvement.
- CD147hi cMono correlate more strongly with severity markers in younger patients.

## Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can lead to severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is characterized by cytokine storm and organ dysfunction. The spike S1 subunit induces inflammatory cytokine production, but the immune cell subsets that respond to S1 stimulation and contribute to disease severity remain unclear.

We analyzed serum samples and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with COVID-19 (moderate: n = 7; severe: n = 25) and healthy controls (n = 38). Using mass cytometry (cytometry by time-of-flight; CyTOF), we analyzed immune cell responses to S1 subunit stimulation in PBMCs from healthy donors and patients with COVID-19. We examined correlations among identified cell populations, serum cytokine levels, and clinical parameters.

Serum S1 subunit levels correlated with disease severity and inflammatory cytokine concentrations. S1 subunit stimulation induced dose-dependent cytokine production from PBMCs, predominantly from myeloid cells. CyTOF analysis identified classical monocytes with high CD147 expression (CD147hi cMono) as the primary source of S1-induced cytokines. The proportion of CD147hi cMono increased significantly in severe COVID-19 and decreased with clinical improvement. The frequency of CD147hi cMono showed a stronger positive correlation with clinical severity markers in younger patients compared to older patients.

CD147hi cMono are the primary cellular source of S1-induced inflammatory cytokines and may serve as potential biomarkers for monitoring COVID-19 severity and treatment response.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41232-025-00371-8.