# Coexisting nephrotic syndromes influences in st elevation myocardial infarction patient and chronic limb-threatening ischemia patient: is there any correlation?

## TL;DR

This paper explores how nephrotic syndrome might increase the risk of heart attacks and leg ischemia due to blood clotting issues.

## Contribution

The paper presents case illustrations to suggest a correlation between nephrotic syndrome and thromboembolic complications in cardiovascular diseases.

## Key findings

- Nephrotic syndrome increases the risk of STEMI and CLTI due to a hypercoagulable state.
- Corticosteroid treatment for nephrotic syndrome may further increase thromboembolic risk.
- Management of these complications should follow existing guidelines while controlling disease severity.

## Abstract

Background: ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) were cardiovascular emergencies and require urgent reperfusion treatment. Both diseases shared same traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Nephrotic syndrome (NS) patients were known for risk of thromboembolic complications that may present as STEMI or CLTI, result of hypercoagulable state stemming leading to thrombus formation.

Case illustration: Three cases were described in a case series. The first case presented with anterior extensive STEMI, coroangiography revealed total occlusion at proximal left anterior descending artery with high burden thrombus, treated with defered stenting and medical therapy. The second case presented with CLTI, imaging modality showed occlusion with thrombus in infra-renal abdominal aorta until bilateral superficial femoral artery (SFA), the patient refused any interventional treatment, so he was treated with medical therapy only. The third case presented with CLTI on left leg and chronic limb ischemia on right leg, imaging modality showed occlusion at left external iliac artery and 1/3 distal of right SFA with prominent plaque calcification, treated with percutaneous transluminal angioplasty, and medical therapy. All patients achieved significant improvement in the disease.

Conclusion: NS is a risk factor for STEMI and CLTI. Even corticosteroids for NS treatment also a risk factor for thromboembolic complications. Controlling the disease severity with precaution of the therapy side effect should be achieved. If thromboembolic complications related to NS happen, the management mainly follows the available guidelines.