The genome sequence of the Large Red Tailed Bumble Bee, Bombus lapidarius (Linnaeus, 1758)
Olga Sivell, Duncan Sivell, Matthew N. Smith, Eduardo E Zattara, Christopher Wyatt
TL;DR
This paper provides the genome sequence of the Large Red Tailed Bumble Bee, Bombus lapidarius, including a detailed assembly of its chromosomes and mitochondrial DNA.
Contribution
The novel contribution is the first genome assembly for Bombus lapidarius, including chromosomal pseudomolecules and mitochondrial genome.
Findings
The genome assembly is 368.50 megabases in total length.
81.04% of the assembly is organized into 18 chromosomal pseudomolecules.
The mitochondrial genome is 28.11 kilobases in length.
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual female specimen of Bombus lapidarius (Large Red Tailed Bumble Bee; Arthropoda; Insecta; Hymenoptera; Apidae). The genome sequence has a total length of 368.50 megabases. Most of the assembly (81.04%) is scaffolded into 18 chromosomal pseudomolecules. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 28.11 kilobases in length.
Genes, proteins, chemicals, diseases, species, mutations and cell lines named across the full text — each resolved to its canonical identifier and authoritative record.
Click any figure to enlarge with its caption.
Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5| Project information | |||
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| Bombus lapidarius | ||
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| PRJEB66045 | ||
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| SAMEA7521504 | ||
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| 30192 | ||
| Specimen information | |||
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| iyBomLapi1 | SAMEA7521550 | thorax |
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| iyBomLapi1 | SAMEA7521550 | thorax |
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| iyBomLapi2 | SAMEA7696497 | abdomen |
| Sequencing information | |||
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| ERR12071254 | 8.75e+08 | 132.18 |
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| ERR12055579 | 1.77e+06 | 21.07 |
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| ERR12055578 | 9.60e+04 | 1.04 |
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| ERR12071259 | 5.12e+07 | 7.73 |
| Genome assembly | ||
|---|---|---|
| Assembly name | iyBomLapi1.1 | |
| Assembly accession | GCA_964186655.1 | |
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| Span (Mb) | 368.50 | |
| Number of contigs | 411 | |
| Number of scaffolds | 289 | |
| Longest scaffold (Mb) | 25.86 | |
| Assembly metrics
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| Contig N50 length (Mb) | 3.0 |
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| Scaffold N50 length (Mb) | 16.2 |
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| Consensus quality (QV) | 62.0 |
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| Primary: 83.21%; alternate:
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| BUSCO v5.4.3 lineage:
| C:97.0%[S:96.7%,D:0.3%],
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| Percentage of assembly
| 81.04% |
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| Organelles | Mitochondrial genome: 28.11 kb |
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| INSDC accession | Name | Length (Mb) | GC% |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 25.86 | 35.5 | |
| 2 | 21.86 | 35.5 | |
| 3 | 21.24 | 37.0 | |
| 4 | 20.64 | 36.5 | |
| 5 | 19.62 | 36.5 | |
| 6 | 19.21 | 36.5 | |
| 7 | 18.35 | 36.0 | |
| 8 | 17.68 | 38.5 | |
| 9 | 16.36 | 37.0 | |
| 10 | 16.23 | 36.0 | |
| 11 | 15.69 | 37.0 | |
| 12 | 15.45 | 37.0 | |
| 13 | 10.76 | 35.5 | |
| 14 | 13.51 | 37.5 | |
| 15 | 13.18 | 36.5 | |
| 16 | 13.17 | 38.0 | |
| 17 | 9.08 | 36.0 | |
| 18 | 7.78 | 39.0 | |
| MT | 0.03 | 11.0 |
| Software tool | Version | Source |
|---|---|---|
| BEDTools | 2.30.0 |
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| BLAST | 2.14.0 |
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| BlobToolKit | 4.3.7 |
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| BUSCO | 5.4.3 and 5.5.0 |
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| bwa-mem2 | 2.2.1 |
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| Cooler | 0.8.11 |
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| DIAMOND | 2.1.8 |
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| fasta_windows | 0.2.4 |
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| FastK | 427104ea91c78c3b8b8b49f1a7d6bbeaa869ba1c |
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| Gfastats | 1.3.6 |
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| GoaT CLI | 0.2.5 |
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| Hifiasm | 0.16.1 |
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| HiGlass | 44086069ee7d4d3f6f3f0012569789ec138f42b84a
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| Merqury.FK | d00d98157618f4e8d1a9190026b19b471055b22e |
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| MitoHiFi | 3.2 |
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| MultiQC | 1.14, 1.17, and 1.18 |
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| NCBI Datasets | 15.12.0 |
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| Nextflow | 23.04.0-5857 |
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| PretextView | 0.2.5 |
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| purge_dups | 1.2.3 |
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| samtools | 1.16.1, 1.17, and 1.18 |
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| sanger-tol/ascc | - |
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| sanger-tol/blobtoolkit | 0.6.0 |
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| Seqtk | 1.3 |
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| Singularity | 3.9.0 |
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| TreeVal | 1.0.0 |
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| YaHS | 1.1a.2 |
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- —Wellcome Trust
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Taxonomy
TopicsPlant and animal studies · Insect and Arachnid Ecology and Behavior · Insect and Pesticide Research
Species taxonomy
Eukaryota; Opisthokonta; Metazoa; Eumetazoa; Bilateria; Protostomia; Ecdysozoa; Panarthropoda; Arthropoda; Mandibulata; Pancrustacea; Hexapoda; Insecta; Dicondylia; Pterygota; Neoptera; Endopterygota; Hymenoptera; Apocrita; Aculeata; Apoidea; Anthophila; Apidae; Apinae; Bombini; Bombus; Melanobombus; Bombus lapidarius (Linnaeus, 1758) (NCBI:txid30192)
Background
Bombus lapidarius (Linnaeus, 1758) is a species of a bumblebee (Hymenoptera, Apidae, Bombus), common and widely distributed in Europe. It occurs across whole of Britain, mainly on lowland sites, in woodland, meadows and gardens ( NBN Atlas Partnership, 2024). It used to occur mainly in central and southern Britain, but in past 35 years it has expanded its range into northern Scotland, likely in response to climate change ( Macdonald, 2001).
The females are easily recognised by their red tail and otherwise black body and clear wings. The face is short, pollen baskets are framed by black hairs, the tip of the mid metatarsus is spineless and the hind metatarsus has yellowish-white hairs on outer surface ( Prys-Jones & Corbet, 2011). It is similar in appearance to Bombus ruderarius (Müller, 1776), a scarcer southern species that is in decline ( Benton, 2008; Lewington, 2023). However, the spine at the tip of the mid metatarsus and the red hairs framing the pollen baskets distinguish B. ruderarius from B. lapidarius ( Lewington, 2023; Prys-Jones & Corbet, 2011).
The workers of B. lapidarius are similar in appearance to the queens, although smaller in size and hairier. The males have extensive yellow hairs on head and collar and red tail, colour pattern similar to few other species. The characters allowing for their identification have been provided by Prys-Jones and Corbet (2011) and Lewington (2023).
The queens emerge from hibernation from late February. From April to May they search for nesting sites in sheltered positions, under large stones, close to brick, concrete or bare earth ( Benton, 2008). The nests are underground, with tunnels of 18 inches to 2 feet, occasionally longer. The queen collects pollen and builds a cell into which she lays eggs. She then rests on top of the chamber to incubate the eggs. The larvae feed on pollen and nectar supplied by the queen, moult several times and pupate. The workers emerge a month after egg-laying. They take over the task of supplying food for the colony and the queen remains in the nest laying eggs. The first batches produce workers only, the males and new queens hatching from later batches. Each colony may have up to 300 workers and they are on the wing from late April. The males and new queens leave the nest in search for mates from late June. After copulation the new queens build up fat stores to prepare for hibernation. The old queens, males and workers die when weather cools down, usually in early October ( Gammans et al., 2018; Lewington, 2023).
The species utilises variety of flowering plants, particularly dandelions, asters, thistles, willows, gorse, crucifers, legumes, lavender, Honeysuckle, knapweeds, sedums, campanulas, chives, Bird’s-foot-trefoil, White clover, Cotoneaster, buttercups, Rhododendron, hawksbeards, Bluebell, Selfheal and hawkweeds ( Gammans et al., 2018; Lewington, 2023; Prys-Jones & Corbet, 2011).
Bombus lapidarius is parasitised by the Red-tailed Cuckoo Bumblebee Bombus rupestris (Fabricius, 1793), which resembles its host, but is generally larger and more shiny, with dark wings; the males resemble B. ruderarius. Cuckoo bumblebees do not produce workers, instead they take over already established colonies of true bumblebees ( Lewington, 2023).
The phylogeny of Bombus has been studied by several authors ( Cameron et al., 2007; Koulianos & Schmid-Hempel, 2000; Santos Júnior et al., 2022; Sun et al., 2021), however further research is needed, particularly in resolving deeper nodes of the tree ( Gonçalves et al., 2024). The high-quality genome of Bombus lapidarius was sequenced from a single specimen (NHMUK014111075; SAMEA7521504) from Gerrans Bay, England. The genome was sequenced as part of the Darwin Tree of Life Project, a collaborative effort to sequence all named eukaryotic species in the Atlantic Archipelago of Britain and Ireland. The high-quality genome of Bombus lapidarius presented here, as well as the genomes of other Bombus species produced in this project ( Broad et al., 2024; Crowley et al., 2021; Crowley et al., 2023b; Crowley et al., 2023c; Crowley et al., 2023d; Crowley et al., 2023e; Crowley et al., 2023f; Crowley et al., 2023g), will aid research into the phylogeny and taxonomy of the bumblebees.
Genome sequence report
The genome of Bombus lapidarius ( Figure 1) was sequenced using Pacific Biosciences single-molecule HiFi long reads, generating a total of 22.11 Gb (gigabases) from 1.87 million reads, providing an estimated 67-fold coverage. Primary assembly contigs were scaffolded with chromosome conformation Hi-C data, which produced 132.18 Gb from 875.33 million reads. Specimen and sequencing details are summarised in Table 1.
Photographs of the Bombus lapidarius (iyBomLapi1) specimen used for genome sequencing: a) Lateral view and b) Ventral view.
Table 1.: Specimen and sequencing data for Bombus lapidarius.
Assembly errors were corrected by manual curation, including 39 missing joins or mis-joins and three haplotypic duplications. This reduced the assembly length by 0.57% and the scaffold number by 5.54%, and increased the scaffold N50 by 6.35%. The final assembly has a total length of 368.50 Mb in 289 sequence scaffolds, with 121 gaps, and a scaffold N50 of 16.2 Mb ( Table 2).
Table 2.: Genome assembly data for Bombus lapidarius, iyBomLapi1.1.
The snail plot in Figure 2 provides a summary of the assembly statistics, indicating the distribution of scaffold lengths and other assembly metrics. Figure 3 shows the distribution of scaffolds by GC proportion and coverage. Figure 4 presents a cumulative assembly plot, with separate curves representing different scaffold subsets assigned to various phyla, illustrating the completeness of the assembly.
Genome assembly of Bombus lapidarius, iyBomLapi1.1: metrics.The BlobToolKit snail plot provides an overview of assembly metrics and BUSCO gene completeness. The circumference represents the length of the whole genome sequence, and the main plot is divided into 1,000 bins around the circumference. The outermost blue tracks display the distribution of GC, AT, and N percentages across the bins. Scaffolds are arranged clockwise from longest to shortest and are depicted in dark grey. The longest scaffold is indicated by the red arc, and the deeper orange and pale orange arcs represent the N50 and N90 lengths. A light grey spiral at the centre shows the cumulative scaffold count on a logarithmic scale. A summary of complete, fragmented, duplicated, and missing BUSCO genes in the hymenoptera_odb10 set is presented at the top right. An interactive version of this figure is available at https://blobtoolkit.genomehubs.org/view/GCA_964186655.1/dataset/GCA_964186655.1/snail.
Genome assembly of Bombus lapidarius, iyBomLapi1.1: BlobToolKit GC-coverage plot showing sequence coverage (vertical axis) and GC content (horizontal axis). The circles represent scaffolds, with the size proportional to scaffold length and the colour representing phylum membership. The histograms along the axes display the total length of sequences distributed across different levels of coverage and GC content. An interactive version of this figure is available at https://blobtoolkit.genomehubs.org/view/GCA_964186655.1/dataset/GCA_964186655.1/blob.
Genome assembly of Bombus lapidarius iyBomLapi1.1: BlobToolKit cumulative sequence plot. The grey line shows cumulative length for all scaffolds. Coloured lines show cumulative lengths of scaffolds assigned to each phylum using the buscogenes taxrule. An interactive version of this figure is available at https://blobtoolkit.genomehubs.org/view/GCA_964186655.1/dataset/GCA_964186655.1/cumulative.
Most of the assembly sequence (81.04%) was assigned to 18 chromosomal-level scaffolds. These chromosome-level scaffolds, confirmed by the Hi-C data, are named in order of size ( Figure 5; Table 3).
Genome assembly of Bombus lapidarius iyBomLapi1.1: Hi-C contact map of the iyBomLapi1.1 assembly, visualised using HiGlass. Chromosomes are shown in order of size from left to right and top to bottom. An interactive version of this figure may be viewed at https://genome-note-higlass.tol.sanger.ac.uk/l/?d=FIpTsdqGRCOLZRGDIyknow.
Table 3.: Chromosomal pseudomolecules in the genome assembly of Bombus lapidarius, iyBomLapi1.
While not fully phased, the assembly deposited is of one haplotype. Contigs corresponding to an alternate haplotype have also been deposited. The mitochondrial genome was also assembled and can be found as a contig within the multifasta file of the genome submission, and as a separate fasta file with accession OZ075395.1.
The final assembly has a Quality Value (QV) of 62.0. The k-mer completeness values estimated in MerquryFK were 83.21% for the primary assembly, 82.46% for the alternate haplotype and 88.51% for the combined assemblies. BUSCO (v5.4.3) analysis using the hymenoptera_odb10 reference set ( n = 5,991) indicated a completeness score of 97.0% (single = 96.7%, duplicated = 0.3%). The assembly achieves the EBP reference standard of 6.7.62. Other quality metrics are given in Table 2.
Methods
Sample acquisition and DNA barcoding
An adult Bombus lapidarius (specimen ID NHMUK014111075, ToLID iyBomLapi1) was collected from Wigmore Park, Percival Way, Wigmore, Luton, England, UK (latitude 51.88, longitude –0.37) on 2020-06-23 by netting. The specimen was collected by Olga Sivell and identified by Duncan Sivell (both from the Natural History Museum) and preserved on dry ice.
The specimen used for RNA sequencing (specimen ID NHMUK014444517, ToLID iyBomLapi2) was collected from Hartslock Nature Reserve, Oxfordshire, England, UK (latitude 51.51, longitude –1.11) on 2020-08-20 by Matt Smith (independent researcher). The specimen was preserved on dry ice.
The initial identification was verified by an additional DNA barcoding process according to the framework developed by Twyford et al. (2024). A small sample was dissected from the specimens and stored in ethanol, while the remaining parts were shipped on dry ice to the Wellcome Sanger Institute (WSI), following the protocol of Pereira et al. (2022). The tissue was lysed, the COI marker region was amplified by PCR, and amplicons were sequenced and compared to the BOLD database, confirming the species identification ( Crowley et al., 2023a). Following whole genome sequence generation, the relevant DNA barcode region was also used alongside the initial barcoding data for sample tracking at the WSI ( Twyford et al., 2024). The standard operating procedures for Darwin Tree of Life barcoding have been deposited on protocols.io ( Beasley et al., 2023).
Metadata collection for samples adhered to the Darwin Tree of Life project standards described by Lawniczak et al. (2022).
Nucleic acid extraction
The workflow for high molecular weight (HMW) DNA extraction at the Wellcome Sanger Institute (WSI) Tree of Life Core Laboratory includes a sequence of procedures: sample preparation and homogenisation, DNA extraction, fragmentation and purification. Detailed protocols are available on protocols.io ( Denton et al., 2023b). The iyBomLapi1 sample was prepared for DNA extraction by weighing and dissecting it on dry ice ( Jay et al., 2023). Tissue from the thorax was homogenised using a PowerMasher II tissue disruptor ( Denton et al., 2023a).
HMW DNA was extracted using the Automated MagAttract v1 protocol ( Sheerin et al., 2023). DNA was sheared into an average fragment size of 12–20 kb in a Megaruptor 3 system ( Todorovic et al., 2023). Sheared DNA was purified by solid-phase reversible immobilisation, using AMPure PB beads to eliminate shorter fragments and concentrate the DNA ( Strickland et al., 2023). The concentration of the sheared and purified DNA was assessed using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer and a Qubit Fluorometer using the Qubit dsDNA High Sensitivity Assay kit. The fragment size distribution was evaluated by running the sample on the FemtoPulse system.
RNA was extracted from abdomen tissue of iyBomLapi2 using the RNA Extraction: Automated MagMax™ mirVana protocol ( do Amaral et al., 2023). The RNA concentration was assessed using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer and a Qubit Fluorometer using the Qubit RNA Broad-Range Assay kit. Analysis of the integrity of the RNA was done using the Agilent RNA 6000 Pico Kit and Eukaryotic Total RNA assay
Hi-C sample preparation
Tissue from the thorax of the iyBomLapi1 sample was processed using the Arima-HiC v2 kit at the WSI Scientific Operations core. In brief, 20-50mg of frozen tissue (stored at –80 °C) was fixed, and the DNA crosslinked using a TC buffer with 22% formaldehyde concentration. After crosslinking the tissue was homogenised using the Diagnocine Power Masher-II and BioMasher-II tubes and pestles. Following the Arima-HiC v2 kit manufacturer's instructions, crosslinked DNA was digested using a restriction enzyme master mix. The 5’-overhangs were filled in and labelled with biotinylated nucleotides and proximally ligated. An overnight incubation was carried out for enzymes to digest remaining proteins and for crosslinks to reverse. A clean up was performed with SPRIselect beads prior to library preparation. Additionally, the biotinylation percentage was estimated using the Qubit Fluorometer v4.0 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and Qubit HS Assay Kit and Arima-HiC v2 QC beads.
Library preparation and sequencing
Library preparation and sequencing were performed at the WSI Scientific Operations core.
** PacBio HiFi **
At the minimum, samples were required to have an average fragment size exceeding 8 kb and a total mass over 400 ng to proceed to the low input SMRTbell Prep Kit 3.0 protocol (Pacific Biosciences, California, USA), depending on genome size and sequencing depth required. Libraries were prepared using the SMRTbell Prep Kit 3.0 (Pacific Biosciences, California, USA) as per the manufacturer's instructions. The kit includes the reagents required for end repair/A-tailing, adapter ligation, post-ligation SMRTbell bead cleanup, and nuclease treatment. Following the manufacturer’s instructions, size selection and clean up was carried out using diluted AMPure PB beads (Pacific Biosciences, California, USA). DNA concentration was quantified using the Qubit Fluorometer v4.0 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) with Qubit 1X dsDNA HS assay kit and the final library fragment size analysis was carried out using the Agilent Femto Pulse Automated Pulsed Field CE Instrument (Agilent Technologies) and gDNA 55kb BAC analysis kit.
Samples were sequenced using the Sequel IIe system (Pacific Biosciences, California, USA). The concentration of the library loaded onto the Sequel IIe was in the range 40–135 pM. The SMRT link software, a PacBio web-based end-to-end workflow manager, was used to set-up and monitor the run, as well as perform primary and secondary analysis of the data upon completion.
** Hi-C **
For Hi-C library preparation, DNA was fragmented using the Covaris E220 sonicator (Covaris) and size selected using SPRISelect beads to 400 to 600 bp. The DNA was then enriched using the Arima-HiC v2 kit Enrichment beads. Using the NEBNext Ultra II DNA Library Prep Kit (New England Biolabs) for end repair, a-tailing, and adapter ligation. This uses a custom protocol which resembles the standard NEBNext Ultra II DNA Library Prep protocol but where library preparation occurs while DNA is bound to the Enrichment beads. For library amplification, 10–16 PCR cycles were required, determined by the sample biotinylation percentage. The Hi-C sequencing was performed using paired-end sequencing with a read length of 150 bp on an Illumina NovaSeq 6000.
** RNA **
Poly(A) RNA-Seq libraries were constructed using the NEB Ultra II RNA Library Prep kit, following the manufacturer’s instructions. RNA sequencing was performed on the Illumina NovaSeq 4000 instrument.
Genome assembly, curation and evaluation
** Assembly **
The HiFi reads were assembled using Hifiasm ( Cheng et al., 2021) with the --primary option. Haplotypic duplications were identified and removed using purge_dups ( Guan et al., 2020). The Hi-C reads were mapped to the primary contigs using bwa-mem2 ( Vasimuddin et al., 2019). The contigs were further scaffolded using the provided Hi-C data ( Rao et al., 2014) in YaHS ( Zhou et al., 2023) using the --break option for handling potential misassemblies. The scaffolded assemblies were evaluated using Gfastats ( Formenti et al., 2022), BUSCO ( Manni et al., 2021) and MERQURY.FK ( Rhie et al., 2020).
The mitochondrial genome was assembled using MitoHiFi ( Uliano-Silva et al., 2023), which runs MitoFinder ( Allio et al., 2020) and uses these annotations to select the final mitochondrial contig and to ensure the general quality of the sequence.
** Assembly curation **
The assembly was decontaminated using the Assembly Screen for Cobionts and Contaminants (ASCC) pipeline (article in preparation). Flat files and maps used in curation were generated in TreeVal ( Pointon et al., 2023). Manual curation was primarily conducted using PretextView ( Harry, 2022), with additional insights provided by JBrowse2 ( Diesh et al., 2023) and HiGlass ( Kerpedjiev et al., 2018). Scaffolds were visually inspected and corrected as described by Howe et al. (2021). Any identified contamination, missed joins, and mis-joins were corrected, and duplicate sequences were tagged and removed. The curation process is documented at https://gitlab.com/wtsi-grit/rapid-curation (article in preparation).
** Assembly quality assessment **
The Merqury.FK tool ( Rhie et al., 2020) was used to evaluate k-mer completeness and assembly quality for the primary and alternate haplotypes using the k-mer databases ( k = 31) that were pre-computed prior to genome assembly. The analysis outputs included assembly QV scores and completeness statistics.
A Hi-C contact map was produced for the final, public version of the assembly. The Hi-C reads were aligned using bwa-mem2 ( Vasimuddin et al., 2019) and the alignment files were combined using SAMtools ( Danecek et al., 2021). The Hi-C alignments were converted into a contact map using BEDTools ( Quinlan & Hall, 2010) and the Cooler tool suite ( Abdennur & Mirny, 2020). The contact map is visualised in HiGlass ( Kerpedjiev et al., 2018).
The blobtoolkit pipeline is a Nextflow port of the previous Snakemake Blobtoolkit pipeline ( Challis et al., 2020). It aligns the PacBio reads in SAMtools and minimap2 ( Li, 2018) and generates coverage tracks for regions of fixed size. In parallel, it queries the GoaT database ( Challis et al., 2023) to identify all matching BUSCO lineages to run BUSCO ( Manni et al., 2021). For the three domain-level BUSCO lineages, the pipeline aligns the BUSCO genes to the UniProt Reference Proteomes database ( Bateman et al., 2023) with DIAMOND blastp ( Buchfink et al., 2021). The genome is also divided into chunks according to the density of the BUSCO genes from the closest taxonomic lineage, and each chunk is aligned to the UniProt Reference Proteomes database using DIAMOND blastx. Genome sequences without a hit are chunked using seqtk and aligned to the NT database with blastn ( Altschul et al., 1990). The blobtools suite combines all these outputs into a blobdir for visualisation.
The genome evaluation pipelines were developed using nf-core tooling ( Ewels et al., 2020) and MultiQC ( Ewels et al., 2016), relying on the Conda package manager, the Bioconda initiative ( Grüning et al., 2018), the Biocontainers infrastructure ( da Veiga Leprevost et al., 2017), as well as the Docker ( Merkel, 2014) and Singularity ( Kurtzer et al., 2017) containerisation solutions.
Table 4 contains a list of relevant software tool versions and sources.
Wellcome Sanger Institute – Legal and Governance
The materials that have contributed to this genome note have been supplied by a Darwin Tree of Life Partner. The submission of materials by a Darwin Tree of Life Partner is subject to the ‘Darwin Tree of Life Project Sampling Code of Practice’, which can be found in full on the Darwin Tree of Life website here. By agreeing with and signing up to the Sampling Code of Practice, the Darwin Tree of Life Partner agrees they will meet the legal and ethical requirements and standards set out within this document in respect of all samples acquired for, and supplied to, the Darwin Tree of Life Project.
Further, the Wellcome Sanger Institute employs a process whereby due diligence is carried out proportionate to the nature of the materials themselves, and the circumstances under which they have been/are to be collected and provided for use. The purpose of this is to address and mitigate any potential legal and/or ethical implications of receipt and use of the materials as part of the research project, and to ensure that in doing so we align with best practice wherever possible. The overarching areas of consideration are:
• Ethical review of provenance and sourcing of the material
• Legality of collection, transfer and use (national and international)
Each transfer of samples is further undertaken according to a Research Collaboration Agreement or Material Transfer Agreement entered into by the Darwin Tree of Life Partner, Genome Research Limited (operating as the Wellcome Sanger Institute), and in some circumstances other Darwin Tree of Life collaborators.
The reference list from the paper itself. Each links out to its DOI / PubMed record.
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