# Validity of Perceived Stress Scale in Brazilian low-income college students

## TL;DR

This study confirms that the Perceived Stress Scale is a reliable and valid tool for measuring stress in low-income Brazilian college students.

## Contribution

The study provides psychometric validation of the Perceived Stress Scale in a specific low-income Brazilian student population.

## Key findings

- The Perceived Stress Scale showed acceptable reliability with temporal stability (rho ≥ 0.32) and internal consistency (alpha ≥ 0.79).
- Unsupervised machine learning identified two clusters: 'helplessness' and 'self-efficacy' as structural solutions.
- Confirmatory factor analysis indicated an acceptable fit for the two-factor structure of the scale.

## Abstract

We tested the reliability and validity of the Perceived Stress Scale, an online questionnaire, among college students from low-income Brazilian regions.

We assessed 195 college students from a region with a Gini index of 0.56 for the validity study and a subsample of 117 students for the reliability study, where we evaluated the Perceived Stress Scale with the 14 original items. We also applied the shortened version of the Brief Symptom Inventory with 18 items (BSI-18). The psychometric properties analyzed, including temporal stability, internal consistency, and structural and convergent validity, were assessed using Spearman’s correlation coefficient, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, unsupervised machine learning, and confirmatory factor analysis.

The questionnaire showed acceptable reliability (temporal stability [rho ≥ 0.32] and internal consistency [alpha ≥ 0.79]). In construct validity, we identified two clusters, “helplessness” and “self-efficacy”, as structure solutions for our sample via unsupervised machine learning. An acceptable fit for the two-factor structure of the scale was indicated by multiple indices (chi-square/degrees of freedom [χ2/df] = 119/76; Tucker-Lewis Index [TLI] = 0.916; Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.930; root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.054; standardized root mean-squared residual [SRMR] = 0.078)) on confirmatory factor analysis. Moreover, convergent validity was supported by significant correlations of the BSI-18 Global Severity Index score with perception of helplessness (rho = 0.71) and self-efficacy (rho = -0.42).

The Perceived Stress Scale, which is an online tool, is a reliable and valid self-report tool for college students.