# Comprehensive sequencing of the lung neuroimmune landscape in response to asthmatic induction

## TL;DR

This study shows how asthma affects the lung's neuroimmune system by changing gene activity in specific cell clusters and locations.

## Contribution

The study reveals spatial and cluster-specific changes in the neuroimmune transcriptome in response to asthma.

## Key findings

- Asthmatic induction increases allergen-sensing genes in nodose/jugular ganglia, with a caudal-to-rostral spatial pattern.
- Lung transcriptome changes show upregulated neural excitation genes in neuroendocrine-like cells and neurons.
- Distinct nodose neuron clusters align with previously identified cell types, highlighting spatial organization.

## Abstract

Evidence demonstrates that sensory neurons respond to pathogenic/allergic infiltration and mediate immune responses, forming an integral part of host defense that becomes hypersensitized during allergy. Our objective was to investigate how asthmatic induction alters the pulmonary neuroimmune transcriptome. We hypothesized that asthmatic induction would upregulate genes in the vagal ganglia (nodose/jugular ganglia), which would be associated with asthmatic immunity, and that these would be clustered, primarily in nodose neurons. Furthermore, lungs would increase transcripts associated with nerve activation, and these would be centered in neural and neuroendocrine-like cells.

Standard RNA sequencing, single nucleus-RNA sequencing, and spatial RNA sequencing of vagal ganglia. Standard RNA-sequencing and spatial RNA-sequencing of lungs in naïve and mice that have undergone asthmatic induction with Alternaria alternata.

Bulk RNA-seq revealed that genes related to allergen sensing were increased in asthmatic ganglia nodose/jugular ganglia compared to control ganglia. These genes were associated with nodose clusters as shown by single-nucleus RNA sequencing, and a distinct caudal-to-rostral spatial arrangement was presented as delineated by spatial transcriptomics. The distinct clusters closely match previous identification of nodose neuron clusters. Correspondingly, the lung transcriptome was altered with asthmatic induction such that transcripts associated with neural excitation were upregulated. The spatial distribution of these transcripts was revealed by spatial transcriptomics to illustrate that these were expressed in neuroendocrine-like cells/club cells, and neurons.

These results show that the neuroimmune transcriptome is altered in response to asthmatic induction in a cell cluster and spatially distinct manner.