# Allele co-segregation and haplotype diversity of MHC IIβ genes in the small-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus canicula

## TL;DR

This study explores MHC IIβ gene diversity and allele co-segregation in the small-spotted catshark, revealing stable haplotypes and high genetic variation.

## Contribution

The study provides new insights into MHC haplotype diversity and inheritance in chondrichthyans using pedigree data.

## Key findings

- Allele co-segregation suggests tight linkage among MHC IIβ genes in the small-spotted catshark.
- Reconstructed haplotypes show high diversity with variable allele numbers and lineage composition.
- Marked allelic divergence supports previous population-level observations in this species.

## Abstract

The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) constitutes a functionally relevant multigene family playing an essential role in the adaptive immune responses of jawed vertebrates, being directly involved in pathogen recognition. MHC diversity, driven by pathogen-mediated selection, is vital for species survival and is characterized by high genetic diversity in many taxa, namely at the sequence, allelic and haplotype levels. Chondrichthyans, the most basal jawed vertebrates with an adaptive immune system, exhibit a high diversity of MHC gene lineages conservatively organized in a compact region of the genome. Such genomic architecture suggests linkage among MHC genes, where alleles from different genes possibly co-segregate together. Such condition may have major implications on immune response, individual fitness and evolution. In this study, we examine MHC IIβ haplotype diversity in a model shark species, the small spotted catshark, Scyliorhinus canicula. Making use of pedigree data, we reconstructed MHC IIβ haplotypes to understand allele transmission from parent to offspring. Results indicate allele co-segregation consistent with tight linkage among MHC IIβ genes, suggesting the presence of functional stable haplotypes inherited from parents to offspring. The reconstructed haplotypes suggested extensive haplotype diversity characterized by variable allele numbers and allelic lineage composition, as well as marked allelic divergence, consistent with previous population-level data on this species. These findings underscore the complexity of MHC genetics (and of MHC evolution) in chondrichthyans. Accurate reconstruction of MHC haplotypes and assessment of its functional significance are crucial for better understanding adaptive immune responses and MHC evolutionary dynamics in chondrichthyans.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00251-025-01376-w.