Assessing the knowledge and practices of smallholder pig farmers and associated risk factors for swine gastrointestinal disorders in Masindi district, Uganda

TL;DR

This study examines pig farming practices and risk factors for gastrointestinal disorders in Uganda, highlighting poor husbandry and the need for improved strategies.

Contribution

The study identifies specific risk factors and gender-related associations in pig gastrointestinal disorders among smallholder farmers in Uganda.

Findings

Mixing different pig herds, feeding on raw tubers, and scavenging significantly increase the risk of gastrointestinal disorders.

Female farmers are more likely to be associated with gastrointestinal disorders in pigs.

Adopting confinement housing and better husbandry practices is recommended to reduce disease prevalence.

Abstract

Piggery production is a main income source for the rural poor in Uganda, where 1.3 million households own about 4.47 million pigs. Nonetheless, health challenges and lack of knowledge by the farmers affect the productivity and profits of the pig enterprises. Thus, this study determined the knowledge and practices among smallholder pig farmers and the associated risk factors for pig gastrointestinal disorders in Masindi district, Uganda.

A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a closed-end questionnaire interview of 170 smallholder pig farmers in the rural district of Masindi, from March to July 2020. The qualitative data was analyzed and presented as frequencies, percentages, and their 95% confidence intervals. Bivariate and multi-variate analysis were used to determine factors associated with GIT disorders.

Of the 170 farmers, males and females were equal (50%), mostly as pig owners (91.2%), rural folks (88.8%), who raised other animal species (72.9%) and with 5–10 years (72.4%) of experience. Of these, 67.6% were married, mainly in age ranges of groups 19–50 (90.6%) and 47.6% had attained primary school level. Pig rearing was for income generation (95.5%) and 79.4% reported GIT disorders on their farms, affecting local breeds (57.0%) of all age groups and throughout the year. Similarly, most of the farmers understood transmission routes of GIT disorders and adhered to biosecurity practices. However, 62.9% treated the sick pigs, 40.6% sold the sick pigs and only 25.9% consulted a veterinarian. At multivariable logistic regression analysis, being a female farmer (p = 0.018, OR = 3.163, CI: 1.213, 8.244); mixing of different herds of pigs (p = 0.003, aOR = 4.141, 95%CI (1.317,13.013); feeding pigs on raw tubers (p = 0.017, aOR = 2.703, 95% CI (1.198,6.099) and scavenging (p < 0.001, aOR = 9.605, 95% CI (2.131,43.289) were significantly associated with GIT disorders.

Poor husbandry practices especially feeding on raw tubers, scavenging and mixing of different herds of pigs were associated with widespread pig GIT disorders. Involving women in strategies to improve pig GIT health as equal partners is suggested. Farmers are encouraged to adopt confinement and housing of pigs as the minimum good husbandry practices for sustainable pig production.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12917-025-04667-2.

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