# Prevalence of severe and moderate anthropometric failure among children in India, 1993–2021

## TL;DR

This study shows that while child malnutrition in India has improved overall since 1993, there are significant regional differences and severe wasting has increased in some areas.

## Contribution

The study provides a detailed analysis of moderate and severe malnutrition trends across Indian states and union territories from 1993 to 2021.

## Key findings

- Moderate stunting, underweight, and wasting decreased nationally from 1993 to 2021.
- Severe wasting increased in 13 of 36 regions between 2016 and 2021.
- Twelve regions saw an annual increase in moderate underweight despite a national decline.

## Abstract

Though child anthropometric failure (CAF) is a persistent problem in India, previous studies have often neglected state‐level variance and aggregated moderate and severe CAF categories. This study addresses this gap by examining moderate and severe malnutrition across India's states and union territories (UTs) from 1993 to 2021. Data of children under 2 years old from five waves of National Family Health Surveys, a representative cross‐sectional survey of Indian households, were analysed. Outcomes included prevalence of moderate and severe stunting, underweight and wasting, as per the 2006 World Health Organization growth standards. Percentage prevalence and standardized absolute change (SAC) were calculated nationally and by region for each wave. From 1993 to 2021, there was a notable reduction in the nationwide prevalence of moderate stunting, underweight and wasting, with rates dropping from 20% to 16%, 23% to 18%, and 15% to 12%, respectively. Severe stunting and underweight declined considerably from 23% to 16% and 18% to 11%, respectively; severe wasting marginally increased from 8% to 9%. From 2016 to 2021 moderate underweight was noted to have the highest SAC across all regions, although 15 regions saw an increase in the prevalence of moderate underweight. In the 2016–2021 period, severe wasting has increased in 13 of the 36 regions. While there has been a nationwide reduction in most indicators of CAF since 1993, the rate and direction of change vary widely among states and UTs and between moderate and severe categories within each of the states and UTs. Understanding these patterns of change can direct context‐specific interventions for improving child nutrition and health. A greater focus on reducing severe wasting, which has increased since 1993, is also crucial.

There has been a notable reduction in moderate and severe forms of child anthropometric failure in India since 1993. However, the rate and direction of change vary widely among states and union territories (UTs) and between moderate and severe categories within each of the states and UTs.

Since 1993, moderate anthropometric failure has broadly seen a reduction in 0–2‐year children, with the prevalence of moderate stunting decreasing by 4.5%, the prevalence of moderate underweight decreasing by 5.9% and the prevalence of moderate wasting decreasing by 2.7%.While severe stunting and severe underweight have declined considerably (6.3% and 7.3%, respectively) since 1993, severe wasting has slightly increased from by 1%.There is substantial variation in the regional trends of anthropometric failure. For example, twelve regions saw an annual average increase of moderate underweight in the 2016–2021 period even though there was an annual average reduction when considering all of India.Severe wasting has increased between 2016 and 2021 in 13 regions.

Since 1993, moderate anthropometric failure has broadly seen a reduction in 0–2‐year children, with the prevalence of moderate stunting decreasing by 4.5%, the prevalence of moderate underweight decreasing by 5.9% and the prevalence of moderate wasting decreasing by 2.7%.

While severe stunting and severe underweight have declined considerably (6.3% and 7.3%, respectively) since 1993, severe wasting has slightly increased from by 1%.

There is substantial variation in the regional trends of anthropometric failure. For example, twelve regions saw an annual average increase of moderate underweight in the 2016–2021 period even though there was an annual average reduction when considering all of India.

Severe wasting has increased between 2016 and 2021 in 13 regions.