# Overcoming Childlessness: Narratives of Conception in Early Modern North India

## TL;DR

The paper explores how early modern North Indian texts addressed childlessness, focusing on women's maternal identity and medical discourses.

## Contribution

It is the first to use medical and erotological sources to study women as procreative agents in this historical context.

## Key findings

- By the 18th century, medical discourses transformed through textual transmissions between Sanskrit, Braj Bhasha, and Persian.
- A new genre of 'anonymous' sources focused on sexual diseases of men and women emerged in early modern North India.
- The study complicates understanding of early modern medical episteme and its audience through comparative analysis of textual genres.

## Abstract

This article discusses early modern North Indian ways of expressing how barrenness could be mapped onto a woman’s maternal identity. Scholars have engaged with the historical evolution of women’s identities, focusing overwhelmingly on their economic and political potential. This article is the first to use medical and erotological sources from the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to study women as procreative agents, and the socio-sexual anxieties prompted by infertile female bodies. Through a critical study of a wide range of medical material, I demonstrate that by the eighteenth century, several transformations in medical discourses can be mapped onto textual transmissions from Sanskrit (and Braj Bhasha) to Persian, as well as between competing but conterminously flourishing medical paradigms, Ayurveda and Yunani. While cures for childlessness have a much longer history, a new genre of ‘anonymous’ sources, particularly focused on the sexual diseases of men and women emerged in early modern North India. Lastly, my comparative methodological approach to different textual genres will complicate our understanding of early modern medical episteme and its intended audience.