# Itaconate: A Nexus Metabolite Fueling Leishmania Survival Through Lipid Metabolism Modulation

## TL;DR

This study explores how itaconate, a metabolite, influences Leishmania survival by modulating lipid metabolism and macrophage polarization.

## Contribution

The study identifies itaconate and its co-expressed genes as potential modulators of Leishmania infection outcomes through metabolic reprogramming.

## Key findings

- Early upregulation of Acod1 and later downregulation of Il1b suggest a shift toward anti-inflammatory responses.
- Genes like Ldlr, Hadh, and Src co-expressed with Acod1 are linked to lipid metabolism and M2 macrophage polarization.
- Targeting itaconate pathways may offer a novel therapeutic approach for leishmaniasis.

## Abstract

Leishmaniasis, caused by the Leishmania parasite, is a neglected public health issue. Leishmania mainly infects macrophages, where metabolic reprogramming shapes their plasticity (M1/M2), affecting the host’s resistance or susceptibility to infection. The development of this infection is influenced by immune responses, with an excessive anti-inflammatory reaction linked to negative outcomes through the modulation of various mediators. Itaconate, produced by the Acod1 gene, is recognized for its anti-inflammatory effects, but its function in leishmaniasis is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of itaconate in leishmaniasis. Using transcriptomic data from L. major-infected BMDMs, we assessed the expression dynamics of Il1b and Acod1 and performed pathway enrichment analysis to determine the profile of genes co-expressed with Acod1. Early Acod1 upregulation followed by later Il1b downregulation was noted, indicating a shift towards an anti-inflammatory response. Among the genes co-expressed with Acod1, Ldlr, Hadh, and Src are closely associated with lipid metabolism and the polarization of macrophages towards the M2 phenotype, thereby creating a favorable environment for the survival of Leishmania. Overall, these findings suggest that Acod1 and its co-expressed genes may affect the outcome of Leishmania infection by modulating host metabolism. Accordingly, targeting itaconate-associated pathways could provide a novel therapeutic strategy for leishmaniasis.