# The Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Self-Neglect in Chinese Older Adults Living Alone: A Latent Profile Analysis

## TL;DR

This study identifies different types of depression in older Chinese adults living alone and finds that some types are linked to higher self-neglect.

## Contribution

The study introduces a new classification of depressive symptom profiles and their association with self-neglect in older adults living alone.

## Key findings

- Three distinct depressive symptom profiles were identified: mild depression–sleep disturbance, moderate depression–forcefulness, and major depression–loneliness loss.
- Older adults in the moderate and major depression profiles had significantly higher risks of self-neglect compared to those in the mild depression profile.
- Factors like gender, income, and emotional support were found to influence depressive symptoms and self-neglect.

## Abstract

Objectives: To clarify the latent profile of depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults living alone and to explore the relationship between this profile and self-neglect. Methods: Data from the 2018 Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) were utilized to conduct a latent profile analysis for the identification of depressive symptoms. Logistic regression was employed to analyze the related factors. Generalized linear modeling was used to assess the impact of different profiles of depressive symptoms on self-neglect. Results: A total of 1822 older adults living alone, with a mean age of (83.60 ± 9.15) years, were included in the study. Three categories of depression were identified: the C1 mild depression–sleep disturbance group (29.36%), the C2 moderate depression–forcefulness group (55.22%), and the C3 major depression–loneliness loss group (15.42%). Logistic regression analysis indicated that gender, place of residence, annual household income, educational level, reason for living alone, self-rated health status, cognitive function, and emotional support were significant influencing factors (p < 0.05). The risk of experiencing higher levels of self-neglect in the C2 was 1.264 times greater than in the C1. Furthermore, the risk of higher levels of self-neglect in the C3 was 2.040 times greater than in the C1. Conclusions: Heterogeneity in depressive symptoms is evident among Chinese older adults living alone, with variations in self-neglect across different potential categories of these individuals. The focus should be on older adults in the C2 and C3 profiles. This study proposes targeted intervention strategies from family, community, and policy development perspectives to help improve self-neglect in older adults.