# Analysis of Torsional Response in Pneumatic Artificial Muscles

## TL;DR

This paper studies the twisting behavior of pneumatic artificial muscles, which are used in bio-inspired robots, and compares predictions with experimental results.

## Contribution

The paper introduces the first analysis of the torsional response of pneumatic artificial muscles.

## Key findings

- Torsional testing validated the model predictions for the behavior of pneumatic artificial muscles.
- Multiple model variations, including St. Venant’s torsion and braid loading, were considered and tested.
- The study provides insights for using PAMs in bio-inspired robots requiring torsional force.

## Abstract

Pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) consist of an elastomeric bladder wrapped in a helical braid. When inflated, PAMs expand radially and contract axially, producing large axial forces. PAMs are advantageous because of their high specific work and specific power, as well as their ability to produce large axial displacements. The axial and radial behavior of PAMs have been well studied. The torsional response of PAMs have not been explored before. Accurate prediction of the torsional force was desired for use in a bio-inspired worm-like robot capable of using an auger mounted to a PAM to bore out tunnels. Thus, an understanding of torsional response was a key objective. Modeling of the torsional response was performed using a force balance approach, and multiple model variations were considered, such as St. Venant’s torsion, bladder buckling, and asymmetrical braid loading. Torsional testing was performed to validate the model using a custom torsional testing system. Data from the tests was compared to the predicted torsional response.