Bone quality in pycnodysostosis: micropetrosis, locally distorted osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network, and heterogenous mineralization pattern in an adult female patient with multiple fractures

TL;DR

This study examines bone quality in a rare bone disorder called pycnodysostosis, revealing issues like micropetrosis and disrupted osteocyte networks.

Contribution

The study is the first to show that osteocyte viability and network structure are affected in pycnodysostosis, beyond known osteoclast dysfunction.

Findings

Bone matrix in pycnodysostosis is overmineralized, with highly mineralized areas up to 27 weight % calcium.

Osteocyte lacunae show signs of micropetrosis and locally disrupted lacuno-canalicular networks.

Despite impaired osteocyte viability, a dense osteocyte network exists in some areas, suggesting cathepsin K is not essential for OLCN formation.

Abstract

Pycnodysostosis is a very rare skeletal dysplasia caused by biallelic loss-of-function mutations in cathepsin K, a proteolytic enzyme highly expressed by osteoclasts. Deficiency of cathepsin K impairs bone resorption and further bone remodeling leading to progressive osteosclerosis and bone fragility. Moreover, cathepsin K is also expressed by mature osteocytes. Whether the density, size, and viability of osteocytes and the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network (OLCN) are also altered, thereby impacting bone quality in pycnodysostosis, has not been explored. We used light microscopy, quantitative backscattered electron imaging, and confocal laser scanning microscopy to examine bone material obtained from a 57-yr-old female patient during surgical correction after femoral head fracture. The cortex consisted of a compact shell of multilayered collagen fibrils oriented in parallel to the periosteum, reflecting vigorous primary bone apposition, multiple osteons with concentrically ordered lamellae, and scattered patches of woven bone. The trabecular area was very dense with trabecular bone volume, varying locally from 30.3% to 67.4%. The bone matrix was overmineralized (average calcium content: +7.5% versus reference values, with a 5-fold increase of highly mineralized areas >27 weight % calcium). Numerous multinucleated osteoclasts and fringes of demineralized matrix were viewed on bone surfaces. The density (number/mm2: 193 to 223) and area (20 μm2) of the osteocyte lacunae and their canalicular length (0.05 μm/μm3 bone volume) were within normal range. However, numerous bone packets exhibited (hyper)mineralized osteocyte lacunas (micropetrosis) resulting in a locally disrupted OLCN. In summary, our data indicate that in pycnodysostosis not only osteoclast function is impaired but also osteocyte viability is decreased, leading to micropetrosis, distorted OLCN, and heterogenous mineralization pattern. Thus, osteoclasts and osteocytes both contribute to reduce bone quality. However, the presence of a dense osteocyte network in large areas of the sample indicates that cathepsin K is not essential for the formation of the OLCN.

Graphical Abstract

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