# Examining the research methods of early warning signals in clinical psychology through a theoretical lens

## TL;DR

This paper reviews the methods used in early warning signal research in clinical psychology and highlights the need for better alignment between theory and practice.

## Contribution

The paper provides theoretical and methodological guidance for validating early warning signals in clinical psychology.

## Key findings

- Common research practices in EWS studies often misalign with key theoretical assumptions.
- EWS validation requires assumptions about system destabilization and critical transitions.
- More rigorous empirical evidence is needed to validate EWSs in clinical settings.

## Abstract

The past few years have seen a rapid growth in research on early warning signals (EWSs) in the psychopathology domain. Whereas early studies found EWSs to be associated with sudden changes in clinical change trajectories, later findings showed that EWSs may not be general across variables and cases and have low predictive power. These mixed results may be explained by the diverse methods employed in clinical EWS studies, with some of these approaches and practices potentially misaligned with the underlying theory of EWSs.

This article employs a variety of methods, such as a narrative review, mathematical derivations, simulations, and visual illustrations, to support our claims, explain specific assumptions, and guide future empirical research. This multitude of methods serves our aim to provide theoretical as well as methodological contributions to the field.

We identify the following key assumptions for EWS validation studies: the system departs from a point attractor, EWSs appear before the critical transition, and EWS variables align with system destabilization. The literature review shows that the common research practices in the field are often not in line with those assumptions, and we provide specific suggestions corresponding to each of the assumptions.

More rigorous empirical evidence is needed to better validate the existence of EWSs in clinical sudden changes and fully realize their clinical potential. As theory-based prediction tools, EWSs require stronger alignment between theory and practice to enhance both theoretical understanding and predictive accuracy.

Not applicable.

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12888-025-06688-5.