Correction: Low carbohydrate diets, glycaemic control, enablers, and barriers in the management of type 1 diabetes: a mixed methods systematic review

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**Correction: ** **Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome (2024) 16:261. ** 10.1186/s13098-024-01496-5

In the sentence beginning “Included quantitative studies were published from 1992,…” in this article [1], the text “There were three RCTs, [7, 16, 18], three quasi-experimental [12, 19, 20], three case series (studies that grouped together similar case studies/reports) [14, 17, 22], five case reports (studies that included one participant) [9–11, 13, 15], and one mixed methods study [21]” should have read “There were three RCTs, [7, 16, 18], three quasi-experimental [12, 19, 20], two case series (studies that grouped together similar case studies/reports) [14, 22], six case reports (studies that included one participant) [9–11, 13, 15, 17], and one mixed methods study [21]”.

In the sentence beginning “Examination of the primary outcome ……” in this article, the text “pre- to post-intervention for VLCD and LCD studies that was 2.9% [11–17, 19, 20] and 0.4% [9, 10, 18, 21] respectively” should have read “pre- to post-intervention for VLCD and LCD studies that was 2.9% [9–17] and 0.4% [7, 18–22] respectively”.

In the sentence beginning “Examination of the primary outcome ……” in this article, the text “Hence, a clinically significant impact of VLCDs on HbA1c was evident in eight studies [11–17, 20]” should have read “Hence, a clinically significant impact of VLCDs on HbA1c was evident in eight studies [9–11, 13–17]”.

The Table 3 caption was inadvertently truncated as “Very low carbohydrate diet (≤ 50 g/day or < 10% total energy intake) quantitative” but should read as “Very low carbohydrate diet (≤ 50 g/day or < 10% total energy intake) quantitative studies outcomes quality of life section the reference for Gardemann, Knowles & Marquardt, 2023, Germany reported as number [20]. Corrected to [11]”.

Incorrect Table 3 captionVery low carbohydrate diet (≤ 50 g/day or < 10% total energy intake) quantitative studies outcomesAuthor, year, countryPre interventionPost interventionP-valuePrimary outcomeHbA1c (%) Buehler et al. 2021, USA [9]7.7 ± NR5.5 ± NRNR Eiswirth, Clark & Diamond, 2018, UK [10]7.5 ± NR5.3 ± NRNR Gardemann, Knowles & Marquardt, 2023, Germany [11]7.2 ± NR5.1 ± NRNR Kleiner et al. 2022, Italy [12]8.3 ± 1.76.8 ± 0.8 < 0.001 Kwiendacz et al. 2019, Poland [13]6.4 ± NR5.4 ± NRNR ^a^O’Neill et al. 2003, USA [14]6.8 ± 1.15.5 ± 0.8NR Raab, 2003, Australia [15]8.4 ± NR5.6 ± NRNR Ranjan et al. 2017, Denmark [16]7.0 ± 0.66.2 ± 0.4NR ^a^Vernon et al. 2003, USA [17]16.8 ± NR5.3 ± NRNRSecondary outcomesBolus insulin (units/day) Buehler et al. 2021, USA [9]33 ± NR1 ± NRNR Eiswirth, Clark & Diamond, 2018, UK [10]NRNRNR Gardemann, Knowles & Marquardt, 2023, Germany [11]20–24 ± NR12.5 ± NRNR Kleiner et al. 2022, Italy [12]18.3 ± 9.510.3 ± 6.5 < 0.001 Kwiendacz et al. 2019, Poland [13]NR14.4 ± NRNR ^a^O’Neill et al. 2003, USA [14]NRNRNR Raab, 2003, Australia [15]NRNRNR Ranjan et al. 2017, Denmark [16]16.3 ± 7.96.6 ± 1.80.001 ^a^Vernon et al. 2003, USA [17]NRNRNRWeight (kg) Buehler et al. 2021, USA [9]NRNRNR Eiswirth, Clark & Diamond, 2018, UK [10]NRDecreased by 3NR Gardemann, Knowles & Marquardt, 2023, Germany [11]61 ± NR61 ± NRNR Kleiner et al. 2022, Italy [12]68.9 ± 13.566.0 ± 6.8NS Kwiendacz et al. 2019, Poland [13]NR62 ± NRNR ^a^O’Neill et al. 2003, USA [14]NRNRNR Raab, 2003, Australia [15]84.0 ± NR72 ± NRNR Ranjan et al. 2017, Denmark [16]75.2 ± 11.772.9 ± 10.3NR ^a^Vernon et al. 2003, USA [17]61.2 ± NR69.4 ± NRNRQuality of life (participant reported) Buehler et al. 2021, USA [9]NRNRNR Eiswirth, Clark & Diamond, 2018, UK [10]NRImprovedNR Gardemann, Knowles & Marquardt, 2023, Germany [11]NRImprovedNR Kleiner et al. 2022, Italy [12]NRNRNR Kwiendacz et al. 2019, Poland [13]NRNRNR ^a^O’Neill et al. 2003, USA [14]NRNRNR Raab, 2003, Australia [15]NRImprovedNR Ranjan et al. 2017, Denmark [16]NRNRNR ^a^Vernon et al. 2003, USA [17]NRNRNRHbA1c glycated haemoglobin, kg kilograms, NR not reported, NS not significant, T1D type 1 diabetes, T2D type 2 diabetes^a^Participants with T1D and T2D in this study – only T1D participant results are reported in this review

Correct Table 3 captionTable 3Very low carbohydrate diet (≤ 50 g/day or < 10% total energy intake) quantitative studies outcomes quality of life section the reference for Gardemann, Knowles & Marquardt, 2023, Germany reported as number [20]. Corrected to [11]Author, year, countryPre interventionPost interventionP-valuePrimary outcomeHbA1c (%) Buehler et al. 2021, USA [9]7.7 ± NR5.5 ± NRNR Eiswirth, Clark & Diamond, 2018, UK [10]7.5 ± NR5.3 ± NRNR Gardemann, Knowles & Marquardt, 2023, Germany [11]7.2 ± NR5.1 ± NRNR Kleiner et al. 2022, Italy [12]8.3 ± 1.76.8 ± 0.8 < 0.001 Kwiendacz et al. 2019, Poland [13]6.4 ± NR5.4 ± NRNR ^a^O’Neill et al. 2003, USA [14]6.8 ± 1.15.5 ± 0.8NR Raab, 2003, Australia [15]8.4 ± NR5.6 ± NRNR Ranjan et al. 2017, Denmark [16]7.0 ± 0.66.2 ± 0.4NR ^a^Vernon et al. 2003, USA [17]16.8 ± NR5.3 ± NRNRSecondary outcomesBolus insulin (units/day) Buehler et al. 2021, USA [9]33 ± NR1 ± NRNR Eiswirth, Clark & Diamond, 2018, UK [10]NRNRNR Gardemann, Knowles & Marquardt, 2023, Germany [11]20–24 ± NR12.5 ± NRNR Kleiner et al. 2022, Italy [12]18.3 ± 9.510.3 ± 6.5 < 0.001 Kwiendacz et al. 2019, Poland [13]NR14.4 ± NRNR ^a^O’Neill et al. 2003, USA [14]NRNRNR Raab, 2003, Australia [15]NRNRNR Ranjan et al. 2017, Denmark [16]16.3 ± 7.96.6 ± 1.80.001 ^a^Vernon et al. 2003, USA [17]NRNRNRWeight (kg) Buehler et al. 2021, USA [9]NRNRNR Eiswirth, Clark & Diamond, 2018, UK [10]NRDecreased by 3NR Gardemann, Knowles & Marquardt, 2023, Germany [11]61 ± NR61 ± NRNR Kleiner et al. 2022, Italy [12]68.9 ± 13.566.0 ± 6.8NS Kwiendacz et al. 2019, Poland [13]NR62 ± NRNR ^a^O’Neill et al. 2003, USA [14]NRNRNR Raab, 2003, Australia [15]84.0 ± NR72 ± NRNR Ranjan et al. 2017, Denmark [16]75.2 ± 11.772.9 ± 10.3NR ^a^Vernon et al. 2003, USA [17]61.2 ± NR69.4 ± NRNRQuality of life (participant reported) Buehler et al. 2021, USA [9]NRNRNR Eiswirth, Clark & Diamond, 2018, UK [10]NRImprovedNR Gardemann, Knowles & Marquardt, 2023, Germany [11]NRImprovedNR Kleiner et al. 2022, Italy [12]NRNRNR Kwiendacz et al. 2019, Poland [13]NRNRNR ^a^O’Neill et al. 2003, USA [14]NRNRNR Raab, 2003, Australia [15]NRImprovedNR Ranjan et al. 2017, Denmark [16]NRNRNR ^a^Vernon et al. 2003, USA [17]NRNRNRHbA1c glycated haemoglobin, kg kilograms, NR not reported, NS not significant, T1D type 1 diabetes, T2D type 2 diabetes^a^Participants with T1D and T2D in this study – only T1D participant results are reported in this review

The Table 4 caption was inadvertently truncated as “Low carbohydrate diet (< 130 g/day or < 26% total energy intake) quantitative studies outcomes” but should read as “Low carbohydrate diet (< 130 g/day or < 26% total energy intake) quantitative studies outcomes quality of life section the reference for Turton et al. 2023, Australia reported as number [18]. Corrected to [22]”.

Incorrect Table 4 caption Low carbohydrate diet (< 130 g/day or < 26% total energy intake) quantitative studies outcomesAuthor, year, countryPre interventionPost interventionP-valuePrimary outcomeHbA1c (%) Krebs et al. 2016, New Zealand [18]7.9 ± 0.97.2 ± 0.4NS ^a^Ireland, O’Dea & Nankervis, 1992, Australia [19]11.1 ± 0.611.6 ± 0.8NS Nielsen et al. 2012, Sweden [20]7.6 ± 1.06.9 ± 1.0 < 0.001 Paul et al. 2022, Australia [21]8.0 ± 1.77.1 ± 1.10.003 Schmidt et al. 2019, Denmark [7]7.3 ± 0.57.4 ± 0.4NS Turton et al. 2023, Australia [22]7.7 ± 0.57.1 ± 0.7 < 0.01Secondary outcomesBolus insulin (units/day) Krebs et al. 2016, New Zealand [18]NRNRNR ^a^Ireland, O’Dea & Nankervis, 1992, Australia [19]NRNRNR Nielsen et al. 2012, Sweden [20]NRNRNR Paul et al. 2022, Australia [21]20.3 ± 6.713.4 ± 6.5 < 0.0001 Schmidt et al. 2019, Denmark [7]NR15.1 ± 4.4NR Turton et al. 2023, Australia [22]NRNRNRWeight (kg) Krebs et al. 2016, New Zealand [18]83.2 ± 11.078.0 ± 6.4NS ^a^Ireland, O’Dea & Nankervis, 1992, Australia [19]62.1 ± 3.161.9 ± 3.1NS Nielsen et al. 2012, Sweden [20]77.6 ± 1576.7 ± 14.6NS Paul et al. 2022, Australia [21]79.3 ± 11.177.4 ± 11.30.013 Schmidt et al. 2019, Denmark [7]77.4 ± 10.675.5 ± 10.90.012 Turton et al. 2023, Australia [22]93.8 ± 18.791.4 ± 17.7 < 0.025Quality of life (participant reported) Krebs et al. 2016, New Zealand [18]NRNRNR ^a^Ireland, O’Dea & Nankervis, 1992, Australia [19]NRNRNR Nielsen et al. 2012, Sweden [20]NRNRNR Paul et al. 2022, Australia [21]41.6 ± 11.240.5 ± 14.3NS Schmidt et al. 2019, Denmark [7]30.9 ± 3.827.1 ± 6.5NS Turton et al. 2023, Australia [22]33.8 ± 5.830.3 ± 7.4 < 0.025HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, kg kilograms, NR not reported, NS not significant^a^This study contained two interventions. One intervention used a low fat, low carbohydrate diet and the other used a high fat, low carbohydrate diet. The high fat, low carbohydrate diet intervention did not meet the definition of a low carbohydrate diet (< 130 g/day or < 26% total energy intake) and was excluded from this review. The low fat, low carbohydrate diet intervention did meet the definition of a low carbohydrate diet and was therefore included in this review [19]

Correct Table 4 captionTable 4Low carbohydrate diet (< 130 g/day or < 26% total energy intake) quantitative studies outcomes quality of life section the reference for Turton et al. 2023, Australia reported as number [18]. Corrected to [22]Author, year, countryPre interventionPost interventionP-valuePrimary outcomeHbA1c (%) Krebs et al. 2016, New Zealand [18]7.9 ± 0.97.2 ± 0.4NS ^a^Ireland, O’Dea & Nankervis, 1992, Australia [19]11.1 ± 0.611.6 ± 0.8NS Nielsen et al. 2012, Sweden [20]7.6 ± 1.06.9 ± 1.0 < 0.001 Paul et al. 2022, Australia [21]8.0 ± 1.77.1 ± 1.10.003 Schmidt et al. 2019, Denmark [7]7.3 ± 0.57.4 ± 0.4NS Turton et al. 2023, Australia [22]7.7 ± 0.57.1 ± 0.7 < 0.01Secondary outcomesBolus insulin (units/day) Krebs et al. 2016, New Zealand [18]NRNRNR ^a^Ireland, O’Dea & Nankervis, 1992, Australia [19]NRNRNR Nielsen et al. 2012, Sweden [20]NRNRNR Paul et al. 2022, Australia [21]20.3 ± 6.713.4 ± 6.5 < 0.0001 Schmidt et al. 2019, Denmark [7]NR15.1 ± 4.4NR Turton et al. 2023, Australia [22]NRNRNRWeight (kg) Krebs et al. 2016, New Zealand [18]83.2 ± 11.078.0 ± 6.4NS ^a^Ireland, O’Dea & Nankervis, 1992, Australia [19]62.1 ± 3.161.9 ± 3.1NS Nielsen et al. 2012, Sweden [20]77.6 ± 1576.7 ± 14.6NS Paul et al. 2022, Australia [21]79.3 ± 11.177.4 ± 11.30.013 Schmidt et al. 2019, Denmark [7]77.4 ± 10.675.5 ± 10.90.012 Turton et al. 2023, Australia [22]93.8 ± 18.791.4 ± 17.7 < 0.025Quality of life (participant reported) Krebs et al. 2016, New Zealand [18]NRNRNR ^a^Ireland, O’Dea & Nankervis, 1992, Australia [19]NRNRNR Nielsen et al. 2012, Sweden [20]NRNRNR Paul et al. 2022, Australia [21]41.6 ± 11.240.5 ± 14.3NS Schmidt et al. 2019, Denmark [7]30.9 ± 3.827.1 ± 6.5NS Turton et al. 2023, Australia [22]33.8 ± 5.830.3 ± 7.4 < 0.025HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, kg kilograms, NR not reported, NS not significant^a^This study contained two interventions. One intervention used a low fat, low carbohydrate diet and the other used a high fat, low carbohydrate diet. The high fat, low carbohydrate diet intervention did not meet the definition of a low carbohydrate diet (< 130 g/day or < 26% total energy intake) and was excluded from this review. The low fat, low carbohydrate diet intervention did meet the definition of a low carbohydrate diet and was therefore included in this review [19]