# The decrease in Rad51 and DNA ligase IV nuclear protein expression in Msh2 knockdown HC11 cells induced the low CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in efficiency at the β-casein gene locus

## TL;DR

Reducing Msh2 in HC11 cells lowers Rad51 and DNA ligase IV, which decreases CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in efficiency at the β-casein gene.

## Contribution

This study shows that Msh2 knockdown reduces HR and NHEJ proteins, leading to lower CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in efficiency.

## Key findings

- Msh2 knockdown significantly reduced knock-in efficiency at the β-casein gene locus.
- Msh2 knockdown downregulated nuclear Rad51 and DNA ligase IV protein expression.
- Reduced Rad51 expression is linked to decreased CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in efficiency.

## Abstract

Successful gene editing technology is crucial in molecular biology and related fields. An essential part of an efficient knock-in system is increasing homologous recombination (HR) efficiency in the double-strand break (DSB) repair pathways. Interestingly, HR is closely related to the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway, whereby MMR-related gene Msh2 recognizes a mismatch of nucleotides in recombinant intermediates or gene conversion formed during HR. This study aimed to investigate how the knockdown of Msh2 affects HR-mediated knock-in efficiency at the mouse β-casein locus. Therefore, we investigated the effect of inhibiting Msh2 expression on the expression of the HR-related gene Rad51 and the key enzyme DNA ligase IV involved in non-homologous end joining (NHEJ).

The knock-in vector targeting the mouse β-casein gene locus, programmed guide RNA, and Msh2 siRNA expression vector were co-transfected in HC11 cells, or only the Msh2 siRNA expression vector was transfected. Knock-in efficiency was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The mRNA and protein expression of Msh2, HR-related gene Rad51, and NHEJ-related gene DNA ligase IV were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot analysis.

The knock-in vector efficiency at the mouse β-casein gene locus significantly decreased upon Msh2 knockdown in HC11 mouse mammary epithelial cells (HC11 cell). Additionally, the knockdown of the DNA MMR-related gene Msh2 protein significantly downregulated the nuclear protein expression of the HR-related Rad51 and NHEJ-related DNA ligase IV genes.

The decreased Msh2 protein expression in the nucleus downregulated the Rad51 and ligase IV protein expressions. Consequently, reduced Rad51 expression results in decreased knock-in efficiency.